Notes in 08ImmuneDiseases

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Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]a form of immunity that mediates cells and proteins that are always present in the body{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune S…
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Protects against pathogens which developed virulence against initial immunity.{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Interaction immediately in response to infection{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Involved in clearing damaged cells{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Major Reaction: {{c2::inflammation}}{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Has Phagocytes and WBCs (Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, NKTs, Macrophages){{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Response Time: Immediate, Hours{{c1::Innate::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Normally silent{{c1::Adaptive::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]It responds or adapts to the presence infectious agents by generating a potent mechanism for eliminating the pathogen{{c1::Adap…
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Consists of {{c2::T-Lymphocytes::cells}} and {{c2::B-Lymphocytes::cells}}{{c1::Adaptive::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	[Form of Immune System]Response Time: Days or Weeks{{c1::Adaptive::Innate/Adaptive}} Immune System
Published	07/30/2024	The term immune response and immune system generally refer to {{c1::adaptive::innate/adaptive}} immunity
Published	07/30/2024	immunophenotype lymphocytes serving as both component of the innate and the adaptive immune response.{{c1::T cell, NKT cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	An inadequate immune disease is called {{c1::Immunodeficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	An inappropriate immune disease is called {{c1::Autoimmunity}}
Published	07/30/2024	An excessive immune disease is called {{c1::Hypersensitivity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]IgE/mast cell mediated histamine and other vasoactive amines{{c1::Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]The antibody-mediated cytotoxicity is based on IgG and IgM that bind to antigens of the target cell whi…
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]3 subtypes: {{c2::1. complement activation (in-situ antigen) 2. cellular toxicity (ADCC) 3. altered receptor…
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]complement activation based on deposition of the soluble antigen-antibody complex{{c1::Type III: Immune comp…
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]this antigen-antibody complex attracts complement activation, recruits leukocytes by {{c2::complement produc…
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]{{c3::CD4}} recruit {{c2::macrophages}}{{c1::Type IV: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]{{c2::CD8}} cause cytotoxicity{{c1::Type IV: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hypersensitivity Reaction Classification]The activated T-lymphocytes releases cytokines and generates inflammation and macrophage inflammation{{c1::T…
Published	07/30/2024	In Type {{c1::1}} hypersensitivity, {{c2::B}}-cells are stimulated (by {{c2::CD4+TH2}} cells) to produce Ig{{c3::E}} antibodies specific to an antigen…
Published	07/30/2024	During sensitization, the IgE antibodies bind to {{c1::FcεRI}} receptors (a high affinity IgE receptor) on the surface of {{c2::tissue mast cells::cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Mast cells produce:{{c1::HistamineProteasesProteoglycansArachidonic acids -> eicosanoidsCytokines::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	High affinity epsilon receptors (FcεRI) are found in what cells?{{c1::Epidermal Langerhans cellsEosinophilsMast cellsBasophilsAntigen-presenting cells…
Published	07/30/2024	Type II HypersensitivityPathogenic mechanism: {{c1::Cytotoxic antibody}} reacts with normal or altered cell-surfaces
Published	07/30/2024	Type II HypersensitivityThe cytotoxic effect in Ab-dependent Cell-mediated toxicity is mainly because of the presence of antibodies and complemen…
Published	07/30/2024	In Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, complement-mediated cytotoxicity mainly targets surface antigens of {{c1::RBCs:: Cell Type}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, {{c2::antibody-dependent cell-mediated}} cytotoxicity leads to the attraction of {{c1::NK cells}} once the Ab binds to…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bulluous Pemphigoid}} is a dermatologic pathology wherein Ab-Ag reactions in {{c2::basal cell membrane attachments}} lead to basal cell des…
Published	07/30/2024	Bulluous Pemphigoid has large blisters that can {{c1::coalesce}} (characteristic form).
Published	07/30/2024	In Bulluous pemphigoid, {{c1::immunofluorescene}} microscopy would reveal the presence of antibodies in the {{c2::Epidermal-Dermal (ED)}} junction.
Published	07/30/2024	Blisters in {{c2::pemphigus vulgaris}} are {{c1::smaller::smaller/larger}} compared to bulluous pemphigoid. Although they have similar mechanisms, ant…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::pemphigus vulgaris}}, immunofluorescene microscopy would highlight intense staining around each individual cell of the basal membrane, and no…
Published	07/30/2024	Pemphigus vulgaris{{c1::Desmosomes}} – anchoring filaments that anchor one cell to an adjacent cell
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hashimoto's Thyroiditis}} is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid and is the most common cause of {{c2::clinical hypothyroidism. }}
Published	07/30/2024	Hashimoto's ThyroiditisAutoantibody to thyroglobulin leads to:{{c3::Gland enlargement}} {{c2::Gland hypofunction due to anti-TSH receptor autoantibodi…
Published	07/30/2024	The thyoid mimics the cut surface of a {{c1::lymph node}} in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Published	07/30/2024	Hashimoto's ThyroiditisMicroscopically, one can appreciate the predominance of {{c2::lymphocytes}} and abundant {{c1::hurthle cells}} or oncocyte…
Published	07/30/2024	Type I Hypersensitivity Description{{c1::Immediate hypersensitivity}}Immune reactant{{c2::IgE}}Antigen{{c3::Soluble antigen}}Reaction Time{{c4::5-30 …
Published	07/30/2024	Type II Hypersensitivity Description{{c1::Antibody-mediated cytotoxic sensitivity}}Immune reactant{{c2::IgG/IgM}}Antigen{{c3::(1) cell- or matrix- as…
Published	07/30/2024	Type III Hypersensitivity Description{{c1::Immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity}}Immune reactant{{c2::IgG/IgM}}Antigen{{c3::Soluble antigen}}Reac…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity Description{{c1::Cell-mediated hypersensitivity}}Immune reactant{{c2::T Cells}}Antigen{{c3::Soluble or cell-bound antigen}}R…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Effector T-Cells{{c1::CD8+}} T-cells - directly kills cells infected with a virus{{c2::CD4+}} T-cells - involved in cytokine-mediate…
Published	07/30/2024	CD4+ T cellFunction{{c1::Inflammatory T-cells / TH1}}{{c4::Triggers action of macrophages by producing interferon IFN-γ}}{{c2::Helper…
Published	07/30/2024	Type {{c1::IV}} HypersensitivityCan either be:- Prolonged {{c2::delayed-type hypersensitivity}} against persistent microbes or other stimuli , wh…
Published	07/30/2024	Type {{c1::IV}} Hypersensitivity{{c3::Granulomatous}} Hypersensitivity- Chronic form of {{c2::TH1}} (inflammatory T-cell)-mediated inflammat…
Published	07/30/2024	Granulomatous Hypersensitivity Process{{c1::1. CD4+ T cell infiltrate progressively replaced by macrophages via TNF and IFN-γ2. Macrophages accum…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Granuloma}} HistologyCharacterized by aggregation of activated macrophages (epithelioid histiocytes) with their abundant, foamy, flat, deeply eo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cell-mediated}} Hypersensitivity-{{c3::CD8+ CTLs (Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes)}} kill antigen-expressing target cells-Exposure to antigen results in…
Published	07/30/2024	Type {{c1::IV}} HypersensitivityIntegration of delayed-type and cell-mediated hypersensitivity is characterized by {{c2::macrophage act…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prolonged delayed::Type IV}} hypersensitivity reaction is a feature seen against persistent microbes or other stimuli that results in a special …
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV Hypersensitivity{{c1::Caseating}} granulomas are characterized by a {{c1::caseous}} center or {{c1::caseous}} necrosiso Central hypoxic microe…
Published	07/30/2024	Type IV HypersensitivityHealing of {{c2::granuloma}} is accompanied by {{c1::fibrosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lymph node with {{c1::caseous}} necrosis
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Published	07/30/2024	Tuberculosis with {{c1::caseous}} necrosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) aka Purified Protein Derivative}} is used to demonstrate Type {{c2::IV}} hypersensitivity immune response.It is …
Published	07/30/2024	TST Reading InterpretationInduration of {{c1::>= 5 mm}} is considered positive in:• HIV-infected persons• Persons who have had a recent contac…
Published	07/30/2024	TST Reading InterpretationInduration of {{c1::>= 10 mm}} is considered positive in:• Recent immigrants (< 5 yrs.) from high prevalence coun…
Published	07/30/2024	TST Reading InterpretationInduration of {{c1::>= 15 mm}} is considered positive in:Any person including persons with no known risk factors for…
Published	07/30/2024	Limitations of TST / PPD:False (-): {{c1::advanced age, immunocompromised states::2}}False (+): {{c2::Prior Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) v…
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of Contact Dermatitis{{c1::Sensitization}} phase is brought about by exposure to an antigen, recognized by the {{c2::dendritic/Langerhans s…
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanism of tissue damageAntibody-mediated: Type {{c1::I, II, III}} hypersensitivity T-cell mediated: Type {{c1::IV}} hypersensitivity
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Autoimmune DiseasesIn terms of ANTIGENSOrgan-specific: {{c1::localized to the given organ}}Non-organ specific: {{c1::found widespread through…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Autoimmune DiseasesIn terms of LESIONSOrgan-specific: {{c1::Antigen in organ is target for immunologic attack}}Non-organ specific: {{c1::Lesi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Primary Myxedema
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Thyrotoxicosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Pernicious Anemia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Addison's Disease
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Non-organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Dermatomyositis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Non-organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: SLE
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Non-organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Scleroderma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Non-organ specific::Organ/Non-organ specific}}: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Diseases accdg. to Immunopathogenetic MechanismsType II - Antibody to Surface / Matrix Antigen SyndromeAutoantigenConsequen…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Diseases accdg. to Immunopathogenetic MechanismsType III - Immune Complex Disease SyndromeAutoantigenConsequence …
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Diseases accdg. to Immunopathogenetic MechanismsType IV - T-Cell Mediated Disease SyndromeAutoantigenConsequence{…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Disease: {{c1::Systemic Lupus Erythematosus}}Manifestations:-Malar rash-Membranoproliferative form of glomerulonephritis (GN)-PAS stai…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Disease: {{c1::Systemic Lupus Erythematosus}}Various classes of glomerulonephritis: Class IIMesangial hypercellularity…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Disease: {{c1::Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)}}Manifestations:-sharply demarcated erythematous scaling plaques-Histology shows:(1) …
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Disease: {{c1::Diabetes Mellitus Type I}}Manifestations:-Insulitis (from destruction of beta cells)-Histology shows complete hyaliniza…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune Disease: {{c1::Rheumatoid Arthritis}}Manifestations:-affects joints SYMMETRICALLY-inflamed synovium producing excess fluid-rough and p…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)::immunodeficiency}} is Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2)M…
Published	07/30/2024	HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Components{{c1::Lipid membrane}}{{c1::HLAClass I & II}}{{c1::gp 120}} - docking glycoprotein{{c1::gp 41}} - tra…
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Published	07/30/2024	Blood-Urine Barrier Blood Side{{c1::Endothelia}} (Layer of Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells)Urine Side{{c2::Podocyte Epithelial Cells}…
Published	07/30/2024	Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) – membrane between the two sides primarily composed of{{c1:: type IV ::type}}collagen
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-GBM Disease of the KidneyPresence of abnormal circulating autoantibodies that target the {{c1::Goodpasture's}} antigen present on the GBM. This a…
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-GBM Disease of the KidneySequence of Events1. anti-GBM antibodies attach to the {{c1::Goodpasture's}} antigen, forming an immune complex2. {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)}}Complicated disease with a gamut of clinical signs and various manifestations, one of them being hematologic…
Published	07/30/2024	Myasthenia GravisPresence of abnormal circulating autoantibodies against {{c1::acetylcholine receptors}} present on the skeletal muscle side…
Published	07/30/2024	Grave's DiseasePresence of abnormal circulating antibodies that compete with {{c1::TSH}} and simulate effects of TSH. Here, there is no {{c2::neg…
Published	07/30/2024	Grave's DiseaseEpithelial cells are thrown into complex, irregular papillary infoldings, a phenomenon called {{c1::diffuse papillary hyperplasia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Grave's DiseaseAnti-TSH receptor antibodies – mimic the effect of {{c1::pituitary TSH }}
Published	07/30/2024	Type III HypersensitivityPathogenic mechanism is primarily organ specific. {{c1::F::non-organ specific}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type III HypersensitivityThe difference between immune complexes in type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity is that preformed complexes are present in {{c1::Typ…
Published	07/30/2024	Immune Complex DiseaseContrary to the Goodpasture's syndrome, immune complexes in ICD deposit in {{c2::small blood vessels (capillaries), glomeruli, c…
Published	07/30/2024	Vasculitis caused by ICDLysosomal enzymes released by neutrophils will dissolve the endothelium, leading to {{c1::fibrinoid necrosis::type of necrosis…
Published	07/30/2024	Vasculitis caused by ICDAlso known as {{c1::Leukoclastic Vasculitis}}, histology reveals  a pink staining amorphous material due to the fibr…
Published	07/30/2024	ICD in the BronchusDeposition of immune complexes in the bronchus can result in {{c1::smooth muscle contraction}}, {{c2::vasoconstriction}}, and {{c3:…
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