Notes in Pituitary and Pineal

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Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Pituitary}} is a small pea-sized gland that acts as link between the {{c2::brain and endocrine system}}
Published	02/17/2024	Pituitary is in bony pocket called the {{c1::sella turcica}}
Published	02/17/2024	Function of the hypothalamus
Published	02/17/2024	Functions of the {{c2::hypothalamus}} (TANHATS)T{{c1::hirst}} A{{c1::denohypophysis (anterior pituitary)}} N{{c1::eurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)…
Published	02/17/2024	Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
Published	02/17/2024	Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
Published	02/17/2024	Anterior vs Posterior pituitary histology
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Herring bodies}} are dilated nerve terminals in the {{c2::PPG}} that {{c3::store oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) until release}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which anterior pituitary hormones are released by basophilic cells?
Published	02/17/2024	Which anterior pituitary hormones are released by acidophilic cells?
Published	02/17/2024	{{c5::HPT Axis}}Hypothalamus: {{c1::secretes TRH (peptide hormone)}} Anterior pituitary: {{c2::Thyrotrophs secrete TSH (peptide hormone)}} Thyroid: {{…
Published	02/17/2024	{{c2::HPA Axis}}Hypothalamus: {{c1::secretes CRH (peptide)}} Anterior pituitary: {{c3::Corticotrophs secretes ACTH (peptide)}} Adrenals: {{c4::ACTH bi…
Published	02/17/2024	Adrenal cortex {{c1::Zona Glomerulosa}}: {{c3::Mineralocorticoids (steroid)}} {{c2::Regulated by renin-angiotensin, ↓blood pressure, ↑K+; prevents Na+…
Published	02/17/2024	Adrenal medulla {{c1::Chromaffin cells:}} {{c3::Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine) (amine)}} {{c2::Regulated by sympathetic nervous system- …
Published	02/17/2024	Effects of cortisol
Published	02/17/2024	HPG AxisHypothalamus:  {{c1::secretes GNRH (peptide hormone)}} Anterior pituitary: {{c2::gonadotrophs secrete FSH and LH (peptides)}} Gonads: {{c…
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::LH}} stimulates {{c2::Leydig cells}} to produce {{c3::testosterone}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::FSH}} stimulates {{c2::Sertoli}} cells for {{c3::spermatogenesis}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c3::LH}} stimulates {{c1::theca cells}} (outer layer of ovarian follicle) to produce {{c2::androstenedione}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::FSH}} stimulates {{c2::granulosa cells}} (surround primary oocyte) to convert androstenedione to {{c3::estrogen and progesterone}}
Published	02/17/2024	HP-Growth AxisHypothalamus: {{c1::secretes GHRH (peptide hormone)}} Anterior pituitary: {{c2::somatotrophs secrete GH (peptide hormone)}} Function: {{…
Published	02/17/2024	GH binds to GHR which are {{c1::cytokine receptors}} that dimerize when bound -> Activates tyrosine kinase {{c2::JAK2}} -> Activates {{c3::STAT5…
Published	02/17/2024	Prolactin (peptide) is {{c1::secreted by anterior pituitary (lactotrophs)}} Prolactin acts on breasts for {{c2::milk production}} {{c3::Hypothalamus}}…
Published	02/17/2024	{{c2::ADH}} binds {{c3::vasopressin receptors}} (G protein coupled receptors) in kidneys, blood vessels, anterior pituitary to {{c1::maintain plasma o…
Published	02/17/2024	In kidneys, ADH binds to {{c1::vasopressin receptors, AVPR2}} in principal cells of {{c2::distal convoluted tubules}} in kidneys -> ↑{{c3::aquapori…
Published	02/17/2024	With puberty, hypothalamus secretes {{c1::pulsatile GNRH}} and leads to pulsatile secretion of ↑↑{{c2::LH}} and ↑{{c2::FSH }}
Published	02/17/2024	↑{{c2::sex hormones}} (endogenous or exogenous) send negative feedback to anterior pituitary leads to ↓{{c1::FSH and LH production}}
Published	02/17/2024	In the {{c1::follicular phase}}, initially {{c2::estrogen}} negative feedback, to {{c2::↓FSH,}}  then ↑{{c3::estrogen}} levels make pituitary mor…
Published	02/17/2024	In the {{c1::Luteal phase,}} ↑↑{{c2::Progesterone}} stimulate {{c3::endometrium secretion}}, and ↓{{c2::LH (negative feedback)}}, lead to {{c3::menstr…
Published	02/17/2024	What stimulates GHRH release?
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::↑GH}}inhibits release of {{c2::GHRH}} at {{c3::hypothalamus}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::GH}} stimulates {{c2::↑somatomedins(IGF1)}}, which {{c3::inhibit}} pituitary GH release
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::GH and somatomedins (IGF1)}} stimulate ↑{{c2::somatostatin }}from hypothalamus, which {{c3::inhibits}} pituitary release of GH
Published	02/17/2024	With {{c1::breastfeeding}}, the suckling stimulation sends signal to hypothalamus to stop {{c2::dopamine (PIF) production}}
Published	02/17/2024	Prolactin also ↓{{c1::GNRH production}}→{{c2::↓LH, ↓FSH}}
Published	02/17/2024	With breastfeeding, baby suckling leads to {{c1::↑oxytocin secretion}} from hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, which binds to oxytocin receptors on…
Published	02/17/2024	↑uterine contractions → fetal head pushes against cervix → neural signals travel to spinal cord → {{c1::hypothalamus ↑oxytocin release}}, ↑{{c2::uteri…
Published	02/17/2024	{{c3::Pineal gland}} is a small (100-150 mg), highly vascularized, {{c2::secretory neuroendocrine}} organ that is attached to {{c1::roof of the third …
Published	02/17/2024	What is the function of the pineal gland?
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Light exposure}} reduces hypothalamic {{c2::suprachiasmatic nucleus}} (SCN) release of {{c3::norepinephrine}}
Published	02/17/2024	The primary function of {{c1::pinealocytes}} is to {{c2::synthesize and release melatonin}}
Published	02/17/2024	What are the signs and symptoms of a pineal gland tumor?
Published	02/17/2024	What is the clinical presentation of a pinealoma?
Published	02/17/2024	What is the suggested treatment for a pinealoma?
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