Notes in 03CardiovascularDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Etiology of ArrhythmiaManifestationCaused by... Automaticity{{c1::Increased Phase 4 Depolarization}}HypokalemiaAcidos…
Published	07/30/2024	AtriaAV-NodeVentricle
Published	07/30/2024	P wave shows that electricity is coming from the SA node.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	An inverted {{c2::T}} wave on ECG is a sign of {{c1::ischemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::QT interval}} on ECG is elongated in arrhythmia
Published	07/30/2024	ComponentNormal Sinus Rhythm Rate{{c1::60-100}}Regularity{{c2::Rhythm is regular (Distance from one R to another R is equal)}}P …
Published	07/30/2024	Systolic dysfunction (heart failure) occurs due to decreased {{c1::contractility}}
Published	07/30/2024	A mainstay of treatment for left heart failure is {{c1::ACE inhibitors}}, which help counteract fluid retention and prevent {{c2::ventricular rem…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Sy::Dia/Sy}}stolic dysfunction,ventricles are {{c2::stay the same size::smaller/bigger}} and can only pump ~ {{c2::40-50}}% of CO
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Dia::Dia/Sy}}stolic dysfunction,ventricles are {{c2::smaller (because of stiffness)::smaller/bigger}} and can only pump ~ {{c2::60}}% of…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diastolic::Diastolic/Systolic}} failure Can be caused by LVH from chronic hypertension and Valvular defects such as aortic stenosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mixed::Diastolic/Systolic}} failure Can be caused by dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), pregnancy or substance abuse
Published	07/30/2024	[PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHANGES IN HEART FAILURE]{{c1::T::T/F}}  SNS activation is the first but least effective mechanism to compensate for HF which in…
Published	07/30/2024	Perform {{c1::mitral valve repair::surgery}} in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Left ventricular assist device}} involves a pacemaker insertion to support left ventricular function
Published	07/30/2024	Can pericarditis be asymptomatic?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pericarditis is more commonly caused by {{c1::bacterial::bacterial/viral}} infections
Published	07/30/2024	PQRST Assessment of Angina{{c1::Precipitating Events::Factor}}Answers the question: What events or activities precipitated the pain? (e.g., exercise, …
Published	07/30/2024	PQRST Assessment of Angina{{c1::Quality of Pain::Factor}}Answers the question: What does the pain feel like? (e.g., pressure, dull, aching, tight…
Published	07/30/2024	Management of pericarditis involves monitoring for possible complication of {{c1::cardiac tamponade}}
Published	07/30/2024	PQRST Assessment of Angina{{c1::Radiation of Pain::Factor}}Answers the question: Where is the pain located? Does the pain radiate to other areas …
Published	07/30/2024	PQRST Assessment of Angina{{c1::Severity of Pain::Factor}}Answers the question: On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 indicating NO pain and 10 being the…
Published	07/30/2024	Management of pericarditis, beside determining/treating its cause and monitoring for complications, is mainly {{c1::symptomatic relief (e.g. analgesic…
Published	07/30/2024	PQRST Assessment of Angina{{c1::Timing::Factor}}Answers the question: When did the pain begin? Has the pain changed since this time? Have you had…
Published	07/30/2024	If the timing of pain lasts for {{c1::30 seconds::time frame}}, it's most likely a cardiac problem
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases: {{c1::Non-Invasive::Blood Studies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases: {{c1::Non-invasive::Chest X-R…
Published	07/30/2024	In myocarditis etiologies: Bacterial - {{c1::staphylococcus, pneumococcal}}Viral - {{c1::mumps, influenza, HIV}}
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases: {{c1::Non-invasive::ECG}}
Published	07/30/2024	In myocarditis, some non-infectious etiologies include: radiation, CTDs, toxins, medications. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ECG::Diagnostic Test}} - Most important for CVD due to its availability and possibility of obtaining lots of information
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Non-invasive::Echocardiogram …
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Non-invasive::Nuclear Cardiol…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Non-invasive::Magnetic Resona…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Non-Invasive::Computed Tomogr…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Invasive::Cardiac Catherizati…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Invasive::Intracoronary Ultra…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Invasive:: Fractional Fl…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Invasive::Electrophysiology S…
Published	07/30/2024	Classify if this is an invasive or a non-invasive diagnostic study for cardiovascular diseases:{{c1::Invasive::Blood Flow and Pres…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Diagnostic Studies{{c1::Myoglobin::Serum Cardiac Marker}} is rarely used as a cardiac marker for patients suspected to have …
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Diagnostic Studies{{c1::Troponin::Serum Cardiac Marker}} positive from onset of chest pain to 7-10 days, and lasts up to 14 …
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Diagnostic Studies {{c1::Troponin::Serum Cardiac Marker}} is the most used in clinical setting.
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Diagnostic Studies{{c1::CK-MB::Serum Cardiac Marker}} increases 6-8 hours from the onset of chest pain.
Published	07/30/2024	ECG findings in Acute Coronary Syndrome include:Leads {{c2::II}}, {{c2::III}}, and {{c2::avF}} have {{c2::elevated::elevated/depressed}} ST segmentsT …
Published	07/30/2024	The use of an ECG as a disagnostic study of acute coronary syndrome mainly aims to identify ST-segment elevation or non-ST-segment elevation. {{c1::T:…
Published	07/30/2024	The main premise of pharmacologic therapy of Acute Coronary Syndrome is to {{c1::decrease::dec/inc}} oxygen demand
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacologic Therapy For Acute Coronary SyndromeThese drugs aim to {{c1::decrease cardiac contractility and HR}}:Beta-BlockersNon-dihydropyridin…
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacologic Therapy For Acute Coronary SyndromeThese drugs aim to {{c1::decrease wall stress}}:Beta-Blockers/ Calcium-channel blockers (afterload)Ni…
Published	07/30/2024	Management methods used for ACS:Increasing Oxygen Supply via Coronary Vasodilation and Reversal of Coronary SpasmShifting Myocardial Metabolism to Sub…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::ACE-inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme)::Pharmacologic Agent}} is given to cardiac patients to p…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::Anti-coagulants::Pharmacologic Agents}} given to patients who are not candidates for thrombolytics or s…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::Anti-platelets::Pharmacologic Agents}} are sometimes given to patients who cannot afford anti-coagulant…
Published	07/30/2024	Patients who are taking anti-coagulants and anti-platelets are at a lower risk of developing bleeding as a side-effect. {{c1::F - higer risk::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::Fibrinolytics (thrombolytics)::Pharmacologic Agent}} includes streptokinase, alteplase which are used t…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::Percutaneous Coronary Intervention}}  Involves inserting a catheter into the vessel and bypass the…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute Coronary Syndrome - Management{{c1::Coronary Surgical Revascularization}} includes management methods such as:Coronary artery bypass graft …
Published	07/30/2024	Developmental Stages of Coronary Artery Disease(1) {{c1::Fatty streak}} and (2) {{c1::Fibrous Plaque}}: narrowing of coronary aa. due to atheroscleros…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Collateral circulation}} is a compensatory mechanism of the heart to remain perfused despite some obstruction in the blood flow
Published	07/30/2024	Girls in {{c1::post menopause::puberty/postmenopause}} are more susceptible to CAD
Published	07/30/2024	Coronary Artery Disease starts with plaque formations made of {{c1::cholesterol::substance}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 general methods of CAD management{{c1::1. Antiplatelet Therapy2. Cholesterol-lowering drug Therapy}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Coronary Syndrome}} is a type of CAD that can DIRECTLY lead to myocardial infarction based on ST elevation
Published	07/30/2024	Atherosclerotic disease is a mechanism of MI where a patient may have:{{c1::Stable}} Plaques which may lead to angina; or{{c1::Vulnerable}} Plaques wh…
Published	07/30/2024	Vasospastic disease is a mechanism of MI where a patient may have:{{c1::Persistent}} vasospasm which may lead to MI; or{{c1::Intermittent/Focal/Transi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coronary microcirculation}} is one mechanism of MI characterized by dysfunction in substance exchange and may lead to CAD or CMP
Published	07/30/2024	The most common complication of MI is {{c1::dysrhythmias}} which occurs when heart rhythm is abnormal
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiogenic shock}} is a complication of MI that occurs when BP is extremely low; followed by death
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stroke due to an embolism}} is a complication of MI that occurs when ventricular thrombus is dislodged
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Infective endocarditis}} is an infection of the inner layer of the heart that usually affects the cardiac valves.
Published	07/30/2024	Infective Endocarditis most common bacterial causative organism{{c1::Streptococcus viridans}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Subacute}} Infective Endocarditis occurs in healthy valves
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subacute::Acute/Subacute}} Infective Endocarditis is secondary to trauma or infection
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Clinical Course Duration 1. Acute Infective Endocarditis 2. Subacute Infective Endocarditis{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Subacute::Acute/Subacute}} Infective Endocarditis can be caused by {{c1::enterococci::microbe}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Left::Left/Right}}-sided embolization usually affects the brain, limbs, kidney, liver, and spleen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Right::Left/Right}}-sided embolization usually affects the lungs, leading to pulmonary embolism.
Published	07/30/2024	Infective Endocarditis management is primarily done through {{c1::antibiotics}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infective endocarditis may cause {{c1::local valve damage}} that will result to infiltration of supporting structures and eventual sepsis, heart …
Published	07/30/2024	In Infective Endocarditis, {{c1::Splinter Hemorrhages}} are thin, red to reddish-brown line/s of blood under the nail
Published	07/30/2024	In Infective Endocarditis, {{c1::Roth's Spot}} is a hemorrhage in the retina with a white center
Published	07/30/2024	In Infective Endocarditis, {{c1::Janeway Lesions}} non-tender are hemorrhagic lesions on the thenar and hypothenar eminences of the palms (and so…
Published	07/30/2024	In Infective endocarditis, {{c1::Osler's Nodes}} are red-purple, slightly raised, tender lumps often with a pale center on the palmar surfac…
Published	07/30/2024	In Infective Endocarditis, {{c1::vegetation}} are areas of calcification and stiffening which hinders the continuous pumping of the heart.
Published	07/30/2024	When the following are seen on medical history, {{c1::infective endocarditis}} is usually suspected:Recent dental, urologic, surgical, or gynecologica…
Published	07/30/2024	Infective Endocarditis - Diagnostic Tests1. {{c1::Blood cultures and WBC tests with differential}} - check for steptococci and staphylococci2. {{c1::E…
Published	07/30/2024	Can pleural effusion cause pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade - Tests1. {{c1::Chest X-Ray}}2. {{c1::2D -Echo}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade - DiagnosisWhen you auscultate, the heart sounds may be {{c1::muffled::muffled/amplified}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade}} - Manifestations1. Beck’s Triad: distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension 2. Pu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pericardiocentesis/pericardiotomy::Diagnostic Test}} - needle enters paraxiphoid area to drain the fluid in the pericardium to be examined.
Published	07/30/2024	The most common site for a dissecting aneurysm is on the {{c1::thoracic aorta}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can thoracic aortic aneurysms cause syncope, cyanosis, and stridor?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cases of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneursyms are more commonly seen in {{c1::males::sex}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Abdominal aortic aneursym occurs below the level of the {{c1::renal arteries::arteries}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Hypertension is described as persistent elevation of systolic BP ({{c1::≥140}} mmHg) and/or diastolic BP ({{c1::≥90}} mmHg)
Published	07/30/2024	There are three mechanisms by which hypertension develops.• {{c1::Problem with regards to sodium homeostasis}}• {{c1::Brought about by vasoconstrictio…
Published	07/30/2024	In cardiovascular physical exam, measurement of pulses can be done particularly in three pulse locations:{{c1::Radial Pulse}}{{c1::Brachial Pulse}}&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease}} involves the progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries of the neck, abdomen, and extremities. I…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atherosclerosis}} is the leading cause in the majority of PAOD cases.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intermittent claudication}} in PAOD is characterized by ischemic muscle ache or pain that is precipitated by a constant level of exercise. …
Published	07/30/2024	Pain at rest in PAOD occurs in the {{c1::forefoot}} or {{c1::toes}} and is aggraved by {{c2::limb elevation}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Doppler ultrasound::Diagnostic Test}} - PAOD
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ankle-brachial index (ABI)}} test screens for PAD by measuring and then dividing the {{c2::sy::sy/dia}}stolic BP in the {{c3::ankle}} by th…
Published	07/30/2024	When PAOD vecomes uncontrollable and irreversible, {{c1::revascularization via surgery}} is done to promote blood flow and maximize perfusion.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thromboangiitis obliterans}} aka {{c1::autoimmune vasculitis}} is the recurring inflammation of the endothelium of the intermediate and small ar…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Raynaud's Disease}} is characterized by intermittent vasospasm and constriction of blood vessels affecting the fingers and toes. It usually…
Published	07/30/2024	Nonhealing {{c1::arterial ulcers}} and {{c1::gangrene}} are the most serious complications of PAOD. There is also observed {{c2::atrophy}} of the skin…
Published	07/30/2024	Can you treat MI with vasodilators?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myocardial Infarction}} - complete obstruction of the vessel by atheromatous plaques that causes necrosis in the myocardium
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiomyopathy}} is a heart muscle disease associated with cardiac dysfucntion
Published	07/30/2024	Complete the steps (changes in patients w/ cardiomyopathy):dec SV -> {{c1::inc RAAS & SNS}} -> inc systemic vascular resistance -> {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Preserved ejection fraction = {{c1::55% and above}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of cardiomyopathies:{{c1::Dilated}} - enlarged ventricles{{c1::Hypertrophic}} - thick & stiff ventricles{{c1::Restrictive}} - stiff ventricl…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stenosis}} is a valvular disease wherein the valves cannot open properly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Regurgitation}} is a valvular disease wherein the valves cannot close properly
Published	07/30/2024	Valvular heart diseases can be differentiated just by their manifestations {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prosthetic heart valves}} are used to replace defective heart valves and consequently, treat valvular diseases
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mechanical HV::Type of Prosthetic Heart Valve}}- does not need replacement- at risk of rejection- requires lifelong anti-coagulant medication- c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Left::Left/Right}} ventricular heart failure is more common
Published	07/30/2024	Hallmark finding of Systolic Failure:{{c1::decrease::decreased/normal}} left ventricular ejection fraction (EF)
Published	07/30/2024	Heart failure is usually left sided but there is also right sided heart failure which we call {{c1::Cor Pulmonale}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Diastolic failure is characterized with {{c1::normal::decreased/normal}} ejection fraction
Published	07/30/2024	Sites of Atherosclerotic Lesions in PAOD{{c1::Aortoiliac arteryFemoral arteryTibial artery(Superficial) Peroneal arteryMesenteric artery::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Primary Symptoms of PAOD{{c1::Intermittent ClaudicationParesthesiaPain at Rest}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs used as General Approach for the Management of PAOD{{c1::Antiplatelet agents}}: Aspirin, Clopidogrel{{c1::ACE inhibitors}}: Ramipril{{…
Published	07/30/2024	Interventional Invasive Procedures of PAOD{{c1::Percutaenous transluminal balloon angioplastyBypass graftAmputation::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Intermittent claudication
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Cyanosis
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Coldness
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Absent pulse
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Loss of sensation
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Gangrene ulcers
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Arterial::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Loss of capillary refill time
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Venous::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Heaviness and leg cramps
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Venous::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Warmth and Redness
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Venous::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Unpalpable pulse due to edema
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral {{c1::Venous::Arterial/Venous}} Occlusive DiseaseManifests with Venous stasis ulcer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Syncope}} - fainting due to Hemodynamic Compromise; may be due to decreased blood flow to the brain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stridor}} - High-pitched wheezing due to upper airway obstruction; it can sometimes impinge the upper airway
Published	07/30/2024	A 2D Echocardiogram showing {{c1::tricuspid regurgitation::(type of valvular disorder)}} results in the backflow of blood from the {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	A 2D Echocardiogram showing {{c1::mitral regurgitation::(type of valvular disorder)}} results in the backflow of blood from the {{c2::l…
Published	07/30/2024	A 2D Echocardiogram showing {{c1::mitral stenosis::(type of valvular disorder)}} results in the backflow of blood from the {{c2::left a…
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::1.0 to 1.4::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Normal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::0.91 to 0.99::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Borderline Range}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::0.70 to 0.90::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Mildly Abnormal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::0.40 to 0.69::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Moderately Abnormal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::<0.40::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Severely Abnormal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ankle Brachial Index (ABI): {{c1::>1.4::(Range)}}Interpretation: {{c2::Incompressible Vessels}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pain at rest::(Symptom)}} is the characteristic sign of critical limb ischemia differentiating it from PAOD
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate the most common sites of Atherosclerotic Lesions:Hint: They are all arteries{{c1::Aortoiliac ArteryFemoral ArteryPopliteal ArteryTibial…
Published	07/30/2024	Pain from Thromboangitis Obliterans is usually described as: {{c1::Bilateral, Symmetric, Focal}}
Published	07/30/2024	The absence of {{c1::pedal, radial, ulnar}} pulses with concurrently normal {{c1::femoral and popliteal}} pulses is likely indicative of thr…
Published	07/30/2024	The Raynaud's Phenomenon llustrates the blanching of extremities where the fingers go from {{c1::White::(color)}} → {{c1::Blue::(color)}} →&…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Abdominal Aortic::type}} aneurysm usually presents as a pulsating abdominal mass with systolic bruit over the aorta
Published	07/30/2024	In patients with history of smoking, ruling out of {{c1::superior vena cava syndrome::disease}} is essential before diagnosing with thoracic aort…
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-hypertensive drugs mainly target two physiologic values to address hypertension, namely: {{c1::Cardiac Output & Systemic Vascular Resist…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary::Primary/Secondary}} Hypertension is characterized by elevated BP with a specific identifiable cause.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Primary/Essential/Idiopathic::Primary/Secondary}} Hypertension is characterized by elevated BP caused by direct factors such as ↑SNS activi…
Published	07/30/2024	CAD is divided into:{{c1::1. Chronic Stable Angina2. Acute Coronary Syndrome (divided into 3)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Stable Angina::Type of CAD}} that disappears after using nitrates (vasodilators)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Unstable Angina::Division of CAD or ACS}} manifests with:Hypotension, Abnormal Heart Rhythm, Decreased Ejection Fraction, ECG changes, and {{c2:…
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of MI:{{c1::1. Atherosclerotic disease (Stable and Vulnerable plaques)2. Vasospastic disease (Persistent and Focal/Transient vaso…
Published	07/30/2024	What is the most common clinical manifestation of MI?{{c1::Pain/Angina}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can MI manifest with fever?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heart Failure}} - An abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac pumping/ filling. Thus, the is unable to produce adequate CO to meet the…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ventricular Remodelling}} - the starting point of Heart Failure
Published	07/30/2024	Classifications of Heart Failure{{c1::Systolic FailureDiastolic FailureMixed Systolic and Diastolic Failure}}
Published	07/30/2024	Systolic Dysfunction: associated with {{c1::Left::L/R}} Heart Failure
Published	07/30/2024	Diastolic Dysfunction: associated with {{c1::Right::L/R}} Heart Failure
Published	07/30/2024	2 Primary risk fators for HF{{c1::CAD and Age}}
Published	07/30/2024	There are 2 consequences of the compensatory mechanisms of HF{{c1::Dilation and Hypertrophy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can you give Cardio-selective Beta-blockers to patients with Acute HF?{{c1::No, it worsens the case}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pericarditis}} - An acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium.
Published	07/30/2024	The characteristic sign of pericarditis is {{c1::pericardial friction rub}} and {{c1::precordial pain}} which is relieved in a {{c2::forward-leaning}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)::Diagnostic Test}} - Usually for pericarditis
Published	07/30/2024	This is a test done for percarditis to check for inflammation and adhesions since the lining of the pericardium becomes thick{{c1::MRI}}
Published	07/30/2024	distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension are manifestations of {{c2::Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade}} and is called {{c1::B…
Published	07/30/2024	at least 10 mmHg decline of systolic BP upon inspiration due to decrease in stroke volume is a manifestation of {{c2::Pericardial Effusion/Cardia…
Published	07/30/2024	Consequences of Arteriosclerosis/ Atherosclerosis [First three as mentioned in lecture]{{c1::Narrowing of the lumenObstruction by thrombosisAneurysm::…
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Left Crescendo-Decrescendo{{c1::Aortic Stenosis or Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Right Crescendo-Decrescendo{{c1::Pulmonic Stenosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Right Holosystolic{{c1::Tricuspid Regurgitation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Left Holosystolic{{c1::Mitral Regurgitation or Mitral Valve prolapse or Ventricular Septal Defect}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Left Decrescendo{{c1::Aortic Regurgitation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Right Decrescendo{{c1::Pulmonic Regurgitation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Right Decrescendo-Crescendo{{c1::Tricuspid Stenosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Adult Heart Murmur Sound]Left Decrescendo-Crescendo{{c1::Mitral Stenosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ankle-brachial index (ABI)::Diagnostic Test}} - Bedside diagnostic test for PAOD
Published	07/30/2024	Most important risk factor for Atherosclerosis: {{c1::Smoking/Nicotine Use}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most important risk factor for Thromboangiitis Obliterans: {{c1::Smoking at ages 20-35}}
Published	07/30/2024	A sign of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a {{c1::systolic::systolic/diastolic}} bruit over the aorta
Published	07/30/2024	[Drug Mnemonic]If it ends with "-an," it is a/n{{c1::Angiotensin II receptor blocker}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Drug Mnemonic]If it ends with "-ol," it is a/n{{c1::Beta-blocker}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Drug Mnemonic]If it ends with "-xin," it is a/n{{c1::Cardiac glycoside}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Drug Mnemonic]If it ends with "-sin," it is a/n{{c1::Peripherally acting Alpha-blocker}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clonidine is an example of an {{c1::Alpha-blocker::Drug class}}
Published	07/30/2024	methyldopa is an example of an {{c1::Alpha-blocker::Drug class}}
Published	07/30/2024	People at risk of water-retention should keep their sodium intake at {{c1::<2g/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	People at risk of CVD should keep their cholesterol intake at {{c1::<200mg/day}}
Status	Last Update	Fields