Notes in Exam II

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Published	01/28/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2265:top=.1005:width=.2911:height=.0519:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5235:top=.1005:width=.4642:height=.051…
Published	01/28/2025	Developmentally, the {{c1::heavy chain}} on a B-cell receptor (BCR) is equivalent to the {{c2::β chain}} on the T cell receptor (TCR). As su…
Published	01/28/2025	How many chains and antigen binding sites are present on BCRs compared to TCRs?
Published	01/28/2025	For the gene determining the BCR or TCR variable domain, what are the gene segment categories that code for that domain? Which one is only in heavy-ch…
Published	01/28/2025	During somatic recombination of BCRs, in what order do the gene segments "link" together? And which chain is synthesized first?
Published	01/30/2025	What are the four sources of BCR and TCR diversity? Which two are the most important?
Published	01/28/2025	What are the two loci for BCR light chains? What is their importance?
Published	01/28/2025	What tools are used to cut and repair DNA during somatic recombination of BCRs?
Published	01/28/2025	Briefly explain junctional diversity in BCRs, and how it can be beneficial, but also detrimental.
Published	01/28/2025	Briefly describe BCR somatic recombination and when it occurs
Published	01/28/2025	During TCR maturation, there are two rounds of gene recombination. The first occurs while {{c1::the T cell is double negative}}, and is recombina…
Published	01/28/2025	Briefly describe positive selection of TCRs
Published	01/30/2025	In the occasion of a T cell failing to bind to MHC in the thymus, what allows it to try again?
Published	01/30/2025	Before entering the thymus, T cells are immature, {{c1::double negative}} cells, meaning {{c2::they have no coreceptor expression}}. Once they en…
Published	01/28/2025	There are 3 most important CD receptors in T cells? What types of T cell are they associated with?
Published	01/28/2025	Briefly describe the function of CD3 on T cells
Published	01/30/2025	How many unique TCRs, BCRs, or MHCs can be found on their respective cell types?
Published	01/30/2025	What is the purpose of positive selection of T cells?
Published	01/30/2025	What is negative selection of T cells?
Published	01/30/2025	What are the costimulatory (CD) molecules required to activate a naïve T cell effectively? On the dendritic cell and the T cell.
Published	01/30/2025	Which APC is the only one able to activate naïve T cells, why?
Published	02/16/2025	Why is co-stimulation important in TCR activation?
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0488:top=.1943:width=.0585:height=.1177}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0494:top=.372:width=.0585:height=.1178}}{{c…
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1283:top=.1128:width=.4544:height=.1787}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1249:top=.3504:width=.4544:height=.2871}}{{…
Published	02/05/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1176:top=.0675:width=.8608:height=.0638}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1176:top=.1466:width=.8624:height=.1583}}{{…
Published	02/05/2025	How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated?
Published	02/05/2025	How is cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation enhanced?
Published	02/05/2025	What are the two mechanisms for cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing?
Published	02/05/2025	When cytotoxic lymphocytes bind to the target cell they release {{c1::perforin}} that {{c2::creates pores in the cell membrane}}. {{c1:…
Published	02/05/2025	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes activate "death receptors" by expressing {{c1::CDL95 (FAS-ligand)}} that interacts with {{c1::CD95 (FAS)}} on the ta…
Published	02/05/2025	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes form a contact point between it and the target cell, this immune synapse is known as {{c1::SMAC}}. It has a {{c2::ce…
Published	02/08/2025	NK cells have three different types of receptors to recognize abnormal cells:{{c1::inhibitory receptors}} recognize {{c2::MHC class I proteins}}{…
Published	02/08/2025	NK cells kill target cells that {{c1::lose MHC-I expression}}, {{c1::up-regulate the expression of stress antigens}}, and {{c1::are coa…
Published	02/08/2025	NK cells function in {{c1::innate immunity}} and use {{c2::activating}} and {{c2::inhibiting}} receptors to recognize {{c3::virall…
Published	02/08/2025	NK cells are important in {{c1::early response to viral infections}} and {{c1::tumor surveillance}}
Published	02/08/2025	For NK cell activation, if the inhibitory receptors engage MHC-I, they {{c1::inhibit activating receptors}} bound to their ligands, and the targe…
Published	02/08/2025	For NK cell activation, if the activating receptors bind to a cell with increased stress antigen expression, the cell is {{c1::killed}} and there…
Published	02/08/2025	What are the effector mechanisms of NK cells? (3)
Published	02/08/2025	What cytokines activate NK cells (4)?
Published	02/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5646:top=.7219:width=.2458:height=.0944}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7514:top=.2925:width=.2458:height=.0944}}{{…
Published	02/13/2025	Define:{{c1::Antibody specificity}}- {{c2::the ability of an antibody to discriminate between two different epitopes}}{{c1::Antibody affinity}}-&…
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Germinal centers}} are areas in secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes in particular) where {{c2::mature B}} cells are activated, prolifera…
Published	02/12/2025	B Cell Activation occurs because of two activation signals:1. {{c1::Surface immunoglobulin (BCR)}} binds antigen from surface of {{c1::follicular…
Published	02/16/2025	During secondary immune response, the only B cell activation step is {{c1::affinity maturation}}. Why is this important?
Published	02/16/2025	What makes follicular dendritic cells unique as an APC?
Published	02/16/2025	Briefly describe the uptake of antigen by B cells, and how it is presented.
Published	02/16/2025	What is "linked recognition?"
Published	02/16/2025	Briefly define isotype switching (B cells)
Published	02/16/2025	What additional form of diversity does BCR undergo that TCR doesn’t?
Published	02/16/2025	Briefly describe somatic hypermutation
Published	02/16/2025	Affinity maturation in B cells is highly similar to {{c1::positive selection}} in T cells. Briefly describe affinity maturation.
Published	02/16/2025	What are the primary differences between plasma and memory cells?
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