Notes in G12 Muscle Tissue

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/02/2024	55b8f9bb62af4c0aad1bdb6e0fa900e2-ao-5
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Published	11/02/2024	What serve to anchor myofibrils in cardiac cells?
Published	11/02/2024	Transverse regions of intercalated discs have many {{c1::desmosomes}} and {{c1::fasciae adherentes}}
Published	11/02/2024	Do intercalated discs contain gap junctions?
Published	11/02/2024	Purkinje system of the heart
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle}}
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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Smooth MuscleL = longitudinal orientationC = circular/concentric orientation}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	Epimysium consists primarily of {{c1::dense}} connective tissue secreted by {{c1::fibroblasts}}
Published	11/02/2024	The perimysium consists primarily of {{c1::dense}} connective tissue derived from {{c1::the epimysium}}
Published	11/02/2024	Endomysium is primarily composed of {{c1::reticular fibers}} and other ECM components that are collectively referred to as the {{c1::external lamina}}
Published	11/02/2024	A skeletal muscle cell is termed a myo{{c1::fiber}}
Published	11/02/2024	Endomysium ECM elements are referred to collectively as {{c1::external lamina}} and are secreted by {{c1::muscle fibers}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Skeletal}} muscle is often multinucleated
Published	11/02/2024	Which muscle tissues are considered striated?{{c1::cardiac and skeletal}}
Published	11/02/2024	Skeletal myofibers are {{c1::mesenchymal}} in origin
Published	11/02/2024	Myoblasts that do not fuse during the embryonic development of muscle remain in the tissue as {{c1::satellite}} cells that can undergo limited {{c1::h…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Actin}} is the thin filament of the sarcomere, {{c1::myosin}} is the thick filament
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::sarcomere}} is the smallest contractile unit of muscle tissue
Published	11/02/2024	The sarcomere spans from one {{c1::Z disc}} to the next
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Published	11/02/2024	What sarcomere elements shorten during muscle contraction?{{c1::The I bandThe H band}}
Published	11/02/2024	What elements do not shrink in length upon contraction of the sarcomere?{{c1::A band}}
Published	11/02/2024	type of filamentH band : {{c1::only myosin (fat H for the thick chain)}}A band : {{c1::actin and myosin (all)}}I band : {{c1::only actin (acthin chain…
Published	11/02/2024	The center line of the sarcomere is called the {{c1::M line}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The repititve alignment of sarcomeres forms a myo{{c1::fibril}}
Published	11/02/2024	Muscle structure from largest to smallest:muscle belly → {{c1::fascicle}} → {{c1::myofiber}} → {{c1::myofibril (sarcomere)}} → {{c1::myofilament}}
Published	11/02/2024	Sarcomeres contract approximately {{c1::⅓}} of their total length when stimulated
Published	11/02/2024	The cytoplasm of skeletal muscles is called the {{c1::sarcoplasm}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The plasmalemma of skeletal muscle is called the {{c1::sarcolemma}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The sER of skeletal muscle is called the {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum}} and primarily functions in the storage of {{c1::Ca2+}}
Published	11/02/2024	Coalescences of sarcoplasmic reticula occur at {{c1::A-I band junctions::sarcomere structure}} and are referred to as {{c1::terminal cisterns}} in ske…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Transverse tubules (T tubules)}} are the deep invaginations of the sarcolemma
Published	11/02/2024	Skeletal muscle triads function to allow for {{c1::uniform myofibril contraction}}
Published	11/02/2024	Skeletal muscles are under {{c1::voluntary (somatic)}} motor control
Published	11/02/2024	Motor neurons of the PNS signal with the neurotransmitter {{c1::acetylcholine}}
Published	11/02/2024	Another term for the neuromuscular junction is the {{c1::motor end plate}}.
Published	11/02/2024	How many motor end plates can form at a muscle fiber?{{c1::only one per myofiber}}
Published	11/02/2024	The fewer myofibers innervated by a single neuron, the {{c1::more}} precise the control. The more myofibers innervated by a single neuron, the {{c1::l…
Published	11/02/2024	Muscle spindles are modified {{c1::skeletal}} muscle fibers that play a role in {{c1::propioception}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Intrafusal}} fibers are the modified muscle fibers of muscle spindles
Published	11/02/2024	Muscle spindles are enveloped in a layer of {{c1::peri}}mysium
Published	11/02/2024	Type I skeletal muscle.{{c1::slow}} twitch, {{c1::oxidative}}fatigue {{c1::resistant}}{{c1::many}} mitochondria {{c1::abundant}} blood supply and…
Published	11/02/2024	Type IIa muscle.{{c1::Fast}}-twitch, {{c1::oxidative-glycolytic}}Fiber size: {{c1::medium}}Mitochondria: {{c1::fairly abundant}}Glycogen: {{c1::elevat…
Published	11/02/2024	Type IIb skeletal muscle fiber characteristics:{{c1::Large}} fibers{{c1::Fast}} twitch-{{c1::glycolytic}}{{c1::White}} color{{c1::Few}} mitochondria a…
Published	11/02/2024	Can a single motor unit innvervate both type I and type IIa muscle simultaneously?{{c1::no}}
Published	11/02/2024	Regeneration of muscle:skeletal: {{c1::hypertrophy, minimal hyperplasia d/t limited satellite cells}}cardiac: {{c1::hypertrophy, no hyperplasia d/t ab…
Published	11/02/2024	An increase in muscle mass accomplished by an increase in myofibril content is called {{c1::hypertrophy}}
Published	11/02/2024	Myasthenia gravis is a disease characterized by the {{c1::autoimmune destruction of muscle ACh receptors}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac muscle is found primarily in the {{c1::myocardium}} and the {{c1::proximal superior vena cava}}
Published	11/02/2024	Fascia adherins functions in {{c1::cardiac}} muscle to link {{c1::terminal sarcomeres}} of adjacent cardiomyocytes across their plasmalemma. It is com…
Published	11/02/2024	What intermmediate filaments do desmosomes of the heart interact with?{{c1::desmin}}
Published	11/02/2024	As a result of their extensive gap junctions, cardiomyocytes are collectively considered to be a {{c1::functional syncytium}}
Published	11/02/2024	Functional syncytium is the term used to describe {{c1::a cluster of cells that function as one without membrane fusion}}
Published	11/02/2024	How are the sarcomeres of cardiac muscle arranged?{{c1::similarly to the arrangment skeletal muscle sarcomeres}}
Published	11/02/2024	Which of these elements is present/absent from cardiac muscle?Sarcoplasmic retiuculum: {{c1::present}}T tubules: {{c1::present}}sarcomeres: {{c1::pres…
Published	11/02/2024	T tubules are {{c1::more}} numerous in the ventricles than the atria. Overall, sarcoplamic reticula of cardiac muscle is {{c1::less}} abundant than th…
Published	11/02/2024	The sER of cardiac muscle is capable of generating the inherent rhythm of the heart through {{c1::the slow leak of Ca2+ ions}}
Published	11/02/2024	Autonomic stimulation of the heart serves to {{c1::modulate rate and contractility}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac muscle primarily relies on {{c1::triglycerides}} for ATP synthesis, but does have limited {{c1::glycogen}} stores
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::ANF}} is a peptide hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes of the atria
Published	11/02/2024	Damaged cardiac tissue is replaced by {{c1::scar tissue}}
Published	11/02/2024	The SR and T tubules of cardiac muscle form {{c1::dyads}}
Published	11/02/2024	Smooth muscles are so named for their lack of {{c1::striations}}
Published	11/02/2024	Smooth muscle actin filaments root themselves to {{c1::dense bodies}} via {{c1::α-actinin}}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the intermediate filaments of smooth muscle and what do they bind?{{c1::desmin which binds to the α-actinin of dense bodies}}
Published	11/02/2024	Smooth muscle contraction can be influenced by:{{c1::Autonomic}} nervesPhysiological conditions like {{c1::stretch}}{{c1::Hormonal}} signalling
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::skeletal muscle}}2. {{c1::longitudinal vs cross section}}3. {{c1::nuclei of skeletal muscle}}4. {{c1::endomysium consisting of reticular fibe…
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::skeletal muscle}}2. {{c1::sarcomere}}3. {{c1::I band}}4. {{c1::A band}}5. {{c1::Z disc}}6. {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. 1. z= {{c1::Z disc}}h= {{c1::H band}}m = {{c1::M line}}a = {{c1::A band}}i = {{c1::I band}}sa = {{c1::sarcomere}}2. {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticul…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::skeletal muscle triad with sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisterna and a central T tubule}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::skeletal muscle}}2. {{c1::myofiber containing myofibrils}}3. {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::cardiac muscle}}2. {{c1::intercalated discs}}
Published	11/02/2024	1. {{c1::cardiac muscle}}2. {{c1::centrally located nuclei}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::skeletal muscle::left}}{{c1::cardiac muscle::right}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::nerve ganglion (auerbach's plexus) in between layers of orthogonally oriented smooth muscle (muscular externa of the GI tract)}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::perimysium of skeletal muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::skeletal muscle fascicle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::endomysium of skeletal muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::epimysium of skeletal muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::gap junctions at an intercalated disc in cardiomyocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::fascial adherens at an intercalated disc of cardiomyocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::desmosome of intercalated disc in cardiomyocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::intercalated disc of cardiac muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle nucleus}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::smooth muscle dense body}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::smooth muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::dense irregular CT}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::dense regular ct}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::muscle spindle in skeletal muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::cardiac muscle}}
Published	11/02/2024	Autoimmunity against AChRs is caused by the disease {{c1::myasthenia gravis}}
Published	11/02/2024	What is the mitochondrial content of cardiac muscle relative to skeletal muscle?{{c1::20x higher}}
Published	11/02/2024	The sER and T tubules of skeletal muscle form {{c1::triads}}
Published	11/02/2024	Are the following elements present or absent in smooth muscle?Sarcoplasmic reticula: {{c1::present, but rudimentary}}T tubules: {{c1::absent}}sarcomer…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::parasympathetic ganglia (auerbach's plexus) embedded in orthogonal layers of smooth muscle in GI tract (musclularis externa)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Gap junctions are present/absent from the following tissues:Smooth muscle: {{c1::present}}Skeletal muscle: {{c1::absent}}Cardiac muscle: {{c1::present…
Published	11/02/2024	Spontaneous contraction of the GI tissue is generated by {{c1::the intestinal smooth muscle cells themselves}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Dense bodies}} are the Z disc functional equivalents of smooth muscle cells
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::purkinje fibers of the heart}}
Published	11/02/2024	Which of the following elements are present/absent from cardiac muscle?endomysium: {{c1::present}}perimysium: {{c1::absent}}epimysium: {{c1::absent}}
Published	11/02/2024	Are the following present or absent from smooth muscle?endomysium: {{c1::present}}perimysium: {{c1::absent}}epimysium: {{c1::absent}}
Published	11/02/2024	From top to bottom, what type of tissue is present in each layer?{{c1::lamina propria}}{{c1::dense irregular CT}}{{c1::orthogonal layering of smooth m…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Satellite cells}} are skeletal muscle stem cells that help repair damaged muscle fibers and develop new muscle tissue by {{c1::undergoing mitosi…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::myoblasts}} are embryonal progenitor cells
Published	11/02/2024	myosin heads bind {{c1::actin}} and {{c1::ATP}} and have {{c1::ATPase function}}
Published	11/02/2024	The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between {{c1::unmyelinated axon terminals}} and {{c1::individual muscle fibers}}
Published	11/02/2024	the increase in the number of muscle cells is called {{c1::hyperplasia}}
Published	11/02/2024	intercalated discs form between adjacent cardiac muscle cells and are {{c1::specialized intercellular junctions}}
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