Notes in Exam I

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/08/2025	What are the four fundamental aspects of disease?
Published	01/08/2025	What structure does "omphalos" relate to?
Published	01/08/2025	What structure does "phlebos" refer to?
Published	01/09/2025	There are six main categories of diagnoses in pathology.{{c1::Clinical}} diagnosis is based on {{c2::clinical observations}}.{{c1::Gross}} d…
Published	02/01/2025	What are the 6 descriptors for a morphologic diagnosis?
Published	01/08/2025	What does friable mean in the context of pathology?
Published	01/08/2025	{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.1359:top=.301:fill=#000000:text=Placeholder for ankicollab, please ignore/suspend:scale=1.:fs=.0454:oi=1}}{{c1::image…
Published	01/10/2025	Define or label the suffix: {{c1::-itis}}: {{c2::inflammatory disease}}{{c1::-opathy}}: {{c2::noninflammatory disease}}{{c1::-osis}}: {{c2::noni…
Published	01/09/2025	Define or label the suffix: {{c1::-penia}}: {{c2::a deficiency}}{{c1::-plasia}}: {{c2::formation, growth, or cellular proliferation}}{{c1::-trophy}}: …
Published	01/10/2025	What are the seven descriptor categories for lesion descriptions?
Published	01/09/2025	Define or label the lesion distribution: {{c1::Diffuse}}: {{c2::uniform distribution of whole tissue}} {{c1::Focal}}: {{c2::single lesion}} {{c1:…
Published	01/09/2025	What is the most common pattern for describing lesions?
Published	01/21/2025	What are the five common categories for nomenclature of morphologic diagnoses?
Published	01/17/2025	All fatal cellular insults have four common mechanisms: {{c1::ATP depletion}}, {{c1::cell membrane permeabilization}}, {{c1::molecular …
Published	01/19/2025	DNA damage to the cell can result in {{c1::permanent growth arrest}}, {{c1::malignant transformation}}, or {{c1::cell death}}
Published	01/17/2025	{{c1::Cellular injury}} is initiated at the {{c2::molecular level}}. Cells have limited ability to respond, meaning they will {{c3::adapt}},…
Published	01/17/2025	A reversible cellular injury will either {{c1::heal}} or become an {{c2::irreversible cellular injury}} if insult continues.
Published	01/19/2025	What are the 10 causes of cellular injury mentioned in class?
Published	01/17/2025	Gross changes seen with cell swelling can be {{c1::increased size and weight}}, {{c1::rounded edges}}, and {{c1::increased pallor}}
Published	01/17/2025	Microscopic changes seen with cell swelling can be {{c1::distended cells with clear cytoplasm}} and {{c1::compression of adjacent lumens/sin…
Published	01/17/2025	What determines the significance of cell swelling?
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::Inability to generate ATP}}, {{c1::loss of calcium sequestration}}, {{c1::permeabilization of cell membrane}}, and {{c1::DNA brea…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::Apoptosis}} is {{c2::programmed cell death}} of {{c2::individual cells}} as a result of {{c3::cell condensation and shrinkage}} t…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::Necrosis}} is cell death by {{c2::ongoing cell swelling then membrane rupture}}. It is {{c3::not regulated}} and affects {{c3::gr…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1398:top=.0583:width=.0915:height=.0367:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0882:top=.1554:width=.1431:height=.058…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6456:top=.2805:width=.1481:height=.0475:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4493:top=.3776:width=.1198:height=.058…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2012:top=.0112:width=.1902:height=.0402:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6218:top=.0034:width=.1872:height=.044…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0651:top=.3168:width=.2816:height=.1694:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0685:top=.6939:width=.2762:height=.172…
Published	01/19/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4052:top=.213:width=.5149:height=.3606:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4059:top=.5846:width=.5149:height=.3633…
Published	01/21/2025	{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1773:top=.1909:width=.3534:height=.0271}}{{c9::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2438:top=.8351:width=.1613:height=.026}}{{c…
Published	01/19/2025	What are the 6 irreversible cell injury mechanisms described in class?
Published	01/21/2025	In cell death by oncotic necrosis failure to control {{c1::calcium}} is key. If {{c1::calcium}} is not controlled, {{c2::mitochondria}} become pe…
Published	01/19/2025	What is free radical damage? How does this membrane injury result in cell death?
Published	01/19/2025	Cell injuries by free radicals include (3)
Published	01/24/2025	What is coagulative necrosis?What is the mechanism involved?
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Liquefactive necrosis}} is necrosis where dead cells are ingested by leukocytes, essentially creating pus (viscous liquid) from dead cells. Comm…
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Caseous necrosis}} is like the "dehydrated" version of liquefactive necrosis. Necrotic tissue crumbles easily. It is common in myobacterioses.
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Fat necrosis}} is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis. Dead pancreatic cells liberate their enzymes like lipase, which causes fat t…
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Gangrenous necrosis}} usually occurs on appendages that lose vasculature, leaving an area without blood supply. "Wet" if bacteria are present, o…
Published	01/24/2025	Sequence of changes/timeline after a noxious stimulus to cells/tissue:{{c1::Molecular/biochemical changes}} {{c2::(seconds to minutes)}}{{c1::Ultrastr…
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Hypertrophy}} is the increase in cell size that results in an increase in tissue/organ size. It can be caused by an increase in {{c2::…
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Hyperplasia}} is the increase in number of cells that causes an increase in tissue size. Can be {{c2::physiologic}} (ex: mammary gland during pr…
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Atrophy}} is a decrease in mass due to a decrease in cell number or size. It is done to reduce metabolic needs, and consequently decreases funct…
Published	01/24/2025	The four common mechanisms leading to intracellular accumulations and examples:1. {{c1::Imbalance between delivery and metabolism}} - {{c2::lipidosis}…
Published	01/24/2025	The two causes of how lipids accumulate in hepatocytes and lead to liver failure are...{{c1::Increased mobilization of fatty acids}} (commonly due to …
Published	01/24/2025	{{c1::Misfolded proteins}} can accumulate in cells and lead to a loss-of-function disorder.
Published	01/24/2025	In viral inclusion bodies, {{c1::DNA viruses}} favor {{c2::intranuclear inclusions}}
Published	01/24/2025	In viral inclusion bodies, {{c1::RNA viruses}} favor {{c2::cytoplasmic inclusions}}
Published	02/03/2025	{{c1::Glucocorticoids (steroids)}} increase the synthesis of hepatic {{c3::glycogen synthase}} that increase {{c2::glycogen}} levels, leading to {{c2:…
Published	02/03/2025	{{c1::Metaplasia}}: The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another of similar lineage as a response to persistent injury. Two primary af…
Published	01/27/2025	{{c1::Dysplasia}}: Abnormality in tissue formation that has little to no protective effect. It is often a precursor to neoplasia.
Published	01/27/2025	Adaptation is limited by tissue capability:{{c1::Adipocytes & myofibers}}: {{c2::hypertrophy & atrophy}}{{c1::Solid organs}}: {{c2::hyperplasi…
Published	01/29/2025	Label/describe the following extracellular accumulations:{{c1::Hyaline}}: {{c2:: DESCRIPTIVE term for glassy, pink, and homogeneous.}}{{c1::Amylo…
Published	01/29/2025	What are hyaline substances typically made up of?
Published	01/29/2025	{{c2::Amyloid}} usually results from {{c1::unfolded or partially unfolded}} proteins, and is composed of {{c1::fibrillar polypeptide chains}…
Published	01/30/2025	What are the 5 mechanisms for amyloid deposition?
Published	01/29/2025	{{c1::1° Amyloidosis}}: Composed of {{c2::Ig light chain fragments}}. Examples include {{c3::plasma cell dyscrasias}} or {{c3::plasma cell n…
Published	01/29/2025	Deposition of all amyloidosis may be {{c1::local}} or {{c1::systemic}}. {{c2::Systemic}} deposition is typically life threatening
Published	01/29/2025	Is 1° amyloidosis or 2° amyloidosis more common?
Published	01/29/2025	How can you diagnose amyloid?
Published	01/29/2025	Excessive collagen fibrosis is often accompained by {{c1::endothelial proliferation}} and can lead to {{c2::organ dysfunction}} and {{c…
Published	01/29/2025	How does dehydration cause Gout in birds and reptiles?
Published	02/01/2025	Name/describe the following forms of calcification: {{c1::Dystrophic calcification}}: {{c2::Calcification of necrotic tissues}}{{c1::Metasta…
Published	02/01/2025	{{c1::Pathologic calcification}} involves {{c2::abnormal depostion of Ca2+ salts in soft tissues}}
Published	02/01/2025	What is the general mechanism for dystrophic calcification?
Published	02/01/2025	What are the target tissues for metastatic calcification?
Published	02/01/2025	This condition results from an imbalance of blood Ca2+ and PO42-
Published	02/01/2025	How do parathyriod tumors and PTH related proteins cause metastatic calcification?
Published	02/01/2025	What are some common causes for metastatic calcification?
Published	02/01/2025	{{c1::Heterotopic ossifcation}} occurs when there is {{c2::formation of bone at an extraskeletal site}}
Published	02/01/2025	{{c1::Oxalosis}} occurs when there is an increase of {{c2::oxalic acid}} in the blood
Published	02/01/2025	How does oxalosis occur in ruminants vs monogastrics?
Published	02/01/2025	{{c1::Alcohol dehydrogenase}} causes conversion of {{c2::ethylene glycol}} to {{c2::oxalic acid}}, which causes oxalosis
Published	02/01/2025	{{c1::Calculi}} are abnormal masses/bodies that develop by {{c2::accretion (Layering of material)}} or {{c2::inspissation (dehydration)}}&nb…
Published	02/01/2025	What are some examples of calculi?
Published	02/01/2025	What is a common complication as a result of calcified bodies? (eg: enteroliths)
Published	02/03/2025	What is the fancy name for small hemorrhages?
Published	02/03/2025	What is the difference between ulcerative and erosive?
Published	02/03/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0211:top=.0163:width=.5628:height=.0547:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.099:top=.2324:width=.397:height=.0617:…
Published	02/03/2025	What secondary arrangement do amyloid proteins form
Published	02/03/2025	What enzyme is key for removal of free radicals from the body?
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