Notes in Exam 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::carbs}}: major source of engery needed to survive
Published	01/09/2025	glycoside hydrolase break down {{c1::glycosidic}} bonds
Published	01/09/2025	Steroisomer: same molecular formula but {{c1::different arrangment }}
Published	01/09/2025	chiral: object who {{c1::mirrors cannot be superimposed}} on each other
Published	01/09/2025	chiral carbon are bonded to {{c1::four}} different groups
Published	01/09/2025	when {{c1::stereoisomers}}  cannot be superimposed on their mirror image  they are called {{c2::enantiomers }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::achiral}} molecules have {{c2::two or more}} of the same group attached to them
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::salivary amylasae}} breaks down carbs in the mouth, this proces is stopped by {{c2::HCL}} in the stomach.
Published	01/09/2025	Monosaccharides are either aldose or ketoseif a H-C=O group is attached it is a {{c2::aldose}}, if a C=O group is attached it is a {{c1::ketose }…
Published	01/09/2025	a object is {{c1::chiral}} when it cannot be superimposed on it's mirror image
Published	01/09/2025	structrual isomer are molecules with same molecular formula but different {{c1::bonding arrangement }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::stereoisomers}} are molecules bonding in the same sequence with different arrangement in space
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::enantiomers}} are mirror images of chiral molecules
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::D}} stereoisomer is when the OH group is on the right and {{c1::L}} stereoisomer is when the OH group is on the left
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0404:top=.0356:width=.1736:height=.0477:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2574:top=.0503:width=.144:height=.022:…
Published	01/09/2025	the most common hexose is {{c1::D- glucose }}
Published	01/09/2025	Haworth structues for molecules :in {{c1::alpha isomer}} the OH is at the bottom and the {{c1::Beta isomers}} the OH group at the top
Published	01/09/2025	Beta {{c1::Galactose}} and {{c2::alpha glucose}} forms lacotose through {{c3::B( 1-4 glycosidic bond)}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2515:top=.2584:width=.1124:height=.1775:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5138:top=.5148:width=.1203:height=.157…
Published	01/09/2025	Maltose is formed by a {{c1::( 1-4 glycosidic bond)}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Lactose}} is formed by {{c2::Beta (1-4) glycosidic}} bond by combining galactose and glucose
Published	01/09/2025	Sucrose is formed through {{c1::a1 b2) glycosidic bond}} from {{c2::glucose and fructose }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3383:top=.5466:width=.4103:height=.3167:oi=1}}
Published	01/09/2025	Examples of polysaccharides are {{c1::amylose}} {{c2::amylopectin}}, {{c3::cellulose}} and {{c4::glycogen}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0759:top=.3059:width=.3274:height=.0431:oi=1}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7465:top=.3655:width=.1282:height=.0664:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1331:top=.4419:width=.3787:height=.043…
Published	01/09/2025	the bond of cellulose
Published	01/09/2025	glycogen is polymer of glucose and the bond are made up of
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0415:top=.3158:width=.4273:height=.1711:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.276:top=.5263:width=.3056:height=.1184…
Published	01/09/2025	The positive charge on the Ammonia and the negative charge on the carboxylate group give a zero chrage called {{c1::zwitterion}}
Published	01/09/2025	non polar ( hydrophobic ) amino acids have {{c1::hydrogen}}, alkyl or {{c2::aromatic R groups }}
Published	01/09/2025	Hydrophobic reaction happen between {{c1::two non polar amino acid}} which forms a hydrophobic center
Published	01/09/2025	polar neutral amino acid have a {{c1::alcohol,}} thiol or an {{c1::amide group }}
Published	01/09/2025	Polar acidic are amino acids with c{{c1::arboxylate group}} ( COO-)
Published	01/09/2025	polar basic amino acid have a {{c1::ammonia}} R group
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::salt bridge}} reaction occurs between a {{c1::polar acidic amino acid}} and a polar basic amino acid
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Hydrogen}} bond form between H of a {{c1::polar}} group to the O or N of another polar amino acid
Published	01/09/2025	Glycine is the amino acid at the {{c1::N-terminus}} of thepeptide.Alanine is the amino acid at the {{c1::C-terminus}}
Published	01/09/2025	the primary structure of amino acids is held together by {{c1::peptide bonds}}
Published	01/09/2025	peptide bonds forms when the {{c1::carboxylate}} reacts with the {{c1::ammonia }}
Published	01/09/2025	insulin have a primary strucure of two {{c1::polypeptide}} linked by a {{c2::disulfide bond }}
Published	01/09/2025	two common types of secondary structures are {{c1::alpha}} helix and {{c1::beta- pleated }}
Published	01/09/2025	In alpha helix hydrogen bonds are formed between {{c1::oxygen}} of the C=O and the hydrogen of the {{c1::N-H group}}
Published	01/09/2025	in beta pleated sheet hydrogen bonds form between {{c1::carbonyl oxygen}} and {{c1::hydrogen atom}} in the amide group
Published	01/09/2025	triple helix: {{c1::three}} polypeptide are woven which are held by {{c1::hydrogen bond }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.412:top=.1154:width=.3228:height=.1312:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4097:top=.3869:width=.167:height=.0543:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0169:top=.1011:width=.2212:height=.0665:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.9266:top=.1153:width=.07:height=.057:o…
Published	01/09/2025	biologically active protein with two or more polypeptide chains
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0305:top=.0896:width=.3025:height=.1667:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0079:top=.4872:width=.1084:height=.121…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2314:top=.2819:width=.1851:height=.0506:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0463:top=.3641:width=.1896:height=.047…
Published	01/09/2025	heat denatures protein by disrupting the {{c1::hydrogen}} bonds
Published	01/09/2025	making it too {{c1::acidic or too basic}} deantures the protein by breaking hydrogen bonds and disrupting the salt bridge and {{c1::ionic bonds }…
Published	01/09/2025	organic compounds denature protein by disrupting side chain intramolecular {{c1::hydrogen bond}} and exchanging bacterial protein {{c1::hydrogen bond&…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::heavy metal}} denature protein by forming bonds with {{c2::ioninc residue}} or reacting with disulfide
Published	01/11/2025	stomach pH is {{c1::4-6}} when no food is absent , pH goes down to {{c2::2}} when food is present
Published	01/11/2025	goblet cells: provides a thick layer of {{c1::mucous}} ( 1-3) mm
Published	01/11/2025	Propulsion is the {{c1::perstaltic}} waves in the stomach which propels chyme forward in to the {{c2::pylorus }}
Published	01/11/2025	Pepsin: ( {{c1::proteolytic}}) protein digesting enzyme
Published	01/11/2025	gastric llipase : digest small quantity of {{c1::triglycerides }}
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::water}}, ions, {{c2::short chain fatty acids}}{{c3::,asprin}} and {{c4::alcohol}} can be absorbed in the stomach
Published	01/12/2025	what is a mixglycerol
Published	01/11/2025	Lipids are molecules that contain {{c1::fatty acids or a steroid nucleus}} and are {{c2::soluble in organic solvents but not in water}}.
Published	01/11/2025	Lipids are characterized by their structures, such as {{c1::waxes, triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol}}.
Published	01/11/2025	Fatty acids are long, unbranched carbon chains with a {{c1::carboxylic acid group}} at the end, typically {{c2::12–18}} carbon atoms long
Published	01/11/2025	Saturated fatty acids contain {{c1::C-C single bonds}}, while unsaturated fatty acids contain {{c2::C=C double bonds}}.
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=-0.0037:top=-0.1081:width=.0629:height=.4719:oi=1}}
Published	01/11/2025	Saturated fatty acids fit close together in a regular pattern due to {{c1::strong dispersion forces between}}  carbon chains
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3121:top=.0115:width=.0936:height=.131:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4247:top=.1388:width=.1345:height=.2438…
Published	01/11/2025	Humans cannot synthesize sufficient amounts of {{c1::polyunsaturated fatty acids}} like {{c2::linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid}}, w…
Published	01/11/2025	Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances formed from {{c1::arachidonic acid}},which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with {{c2::20 }} carbon atoms
Published	01/11/2025	prostaglandin E (PGE) has a {{c1::ketone}} group on carbon 9
Published	01/11/2025	prostaglandin {{c1::F (PGF)}} has a hydroxyl group on carbon 9
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0861:top=.2708:width=.2125:height=.0556:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6997:top=.3881:width=.1139:height=.049…
Published	01/11/2025	NSAIDs block the production of {{c1::prostaglandins}}, reducing {{c2::pain and inflammation}}.
Published	01/11/2025	Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are made up of {{c1::glycerol}} and {{c2::three fatty acids}}
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1026:top=.027:width=.4006:height=.0741:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0768:top=.1813:width=.0732:height=.8426…
Published	01/11/2025	Steriods are characterized by thier steriod nucleus of {{c1::four fused carbon}} ring
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5095:top=.553:width=.1798:height=.0572:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7493:top=.553:width=.1418:height=.0437:…
Published	01/11/2025	triacylglycerols are formed when {{c1::three hydroxyl groups}} of glycerol react with the {{c2::carboxyl groups}} of three fattyacids
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.249:top=.064:width=.1978:height=.1698:oi=1}}
Published	01/11/2025	In hydrogenation reactions, {{c1::double}} bonds in unsaturated fatty acids react with hydrogen gas to produce {{c2::carbon–carbon single bonds}}
Published	01/11/2025	Triacylglycerol are hydrolyzed in the presence of a {{c1::strong acid }} to form gylcerol and {{c2::three FA }}
Published	01/11/2025	Phospholipids include {{c1::glycerophospholipids}} and {{c2::sphingomyelin}}.
Published	01/11/2025	the amino alcohol found in glycerophospholipids are {{c1::choline}}, {{c2::serine}} and ethanolamine
Published	01/11/2025	Lecithin and cephalin are types of {{c1::glycerophospholipids}} found in {{c2::brain and nerve tissues}}, as well as in {{c3::egg yolk}}.
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6221:top=.9063:width=.0819:height=.0373:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1996:top=.9063:width=.1243:height=.054…
Published	01/11/2025	Sphingomyelin contains {{c1::sphingosine}} instead of glycerol
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3911:top=.0623:width=.1608:height=.0251:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0651:top=.3766:width=.1491:height=.103…
Published	01/11/2025	sphingomyelin covers the myelin sheats in {{c1::white matter}} , if shingomyelin deterioarates it is known as {{c2::Mutliple sclerosis }}
Published	01/11/2025	the two methyl groups in steriod nucleus are located at position {{c1::18 & 19}}
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::cholesterol}} has a {{c2::(OH) hydroxyl}} group on carbon 3 , {{c3::an alkyl chain}} at carbon 17 and double bonds between {{c3::C 5&7}}
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0344:top=.0496:width=.0977:height=.0888:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0578:top=.1841:width=.084:height=.0777…
Published	01/11/2025	functions of steriods are :Cool Cats Make Excellent Glucose Managers." {{c1::Cool = Chemical messengers (communication system for the body) Cats = Cho…
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1277:top=.3187:width=.1506:height=.0361:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0772:top=.449:width=.0862:height=.0416…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4213:top=.2948:width=.1651:height=.0437:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.074:top=.3593:width=.0954:height=.0333…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0894:top=.5717:width=.2623:height=.0479:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0877:top=.8215:width=.2316:height=.068…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Cystic Fibrosis}} is caused by a mutation in gene for protein that regulates fluids in stomach and mucus in lungs. Can block breathing and pancr…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Down syndrome}} is the result of formation of three chromosomes usually of number 21 instead of a pair. Heart and eye defects can occur. Materna…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)}} occurs when there is a mutation of {{c2::chromosome 19}}. This produces high cholesterol leading to early c…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Galactosemia}} is the absence of the transferase enzyme for metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate leading to build up of galactose-1-phosphate wit…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Hemophilia}} is a defect on one or more clotting factors. Excessive bleeding and internal hemorrhages are high risk.
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Huntington's disease (HD)}} is a nervous system disease with a mutation on a gene on {{c1::chromosome 4}}. Leads to complete physical impairment…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Muscular dystrophy (MD)}} "duchenne form" is a mutation on the {{c2::X chromosome}}. It is muscle destroying apearing around age 5 with death ar…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Sickle Cell anemia}} caused by defective form of hemoglobin from a mutation in a gene on {{c1::chromosome 11}}. Decrease Oxygen carrying capacit…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::Tay-Sachs disease}} is from a defective hexosaminidase A, causing an accumulation of {{c1::gangliosides}} and leads to mental retardation, loss …
Published	01/14/2025	A defect of {{c1::hexosaminidase A}} results in Tay-Sachs.
Status	Last Update	Fields