Notes in BL 3230 Medical Bacteriology

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/08/2024	Bacteria are {{c1::prokaryotic}} organisms
Published	01/26/2024	A level {{c1::1}} priority specimen {{c2::requires immediate processing}}
Published	01/26/2024	A level {{c1::2}} priority specimen is {{c2::unpreserved}}
Published	01/26/2024	A level {{c1::3}} priority specimen {{c2::requires quantitation}}
Published	01/26/2024	A level {{c1::4}} priority specimen {{c2::is preserved}}
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::cell wall}} gives bacterial cells {{c2::shape and strength}}
Published	03/08/2024	The cell wall of {{c2::prokaryotes}} is composed of {{c1::peptidoglycan}}
Published	03/08/2024	The primary function of the bacterial {{c1::cell membrane}} is to {{c2::transport solutes into and out of the cell}}
Published	03/08/2024	Nearly all cellular functions not conducted by the cell membrane occur in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	03/08/2024	Bacterial protein synthesis occurs in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Plasmids}} are nonchromosomal elements transferred by {{c2::conjugation}}
Published	03/08/2024	Bacterial chromosomes exist as highly coiled {{c1::nucleoids}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Ribosomes}} are compact structures composed of {{c2::rRNA and proteins}} that are {{c2::central to translation}}
Published	03/08/2024	Patient sample is collected by physicianGram stain & direct microscopic examSpecimen is processed: culture, inoculate, & incubateDay 2: Growth…
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::cell wall}} allows bacteria to withstand changes in {{c2::osmotic pressure}} that would otherwise lyse the cell
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Gram +ve}} bacteria have a {{c2::thick layer}} of peptidoglycan
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Gram -ve}} bacteria have a {{c2::thin layer}} of peptidoglycan
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Peptidoglycan}} is a {{c2::series of cross-linked glycoproteins with other molecules}} that forms the cell wall
Published	03/08/2024	Gram {{c1::+ve}} bacterial cell walls contain teichoic acid
Published	03/08/2024	Lipoteichoic acids contain a lipid anchor that allows them to {{c1::integrate into the cell membrane}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Teichoic acid}} is a virulence factor that stabilizes gram +ve cell walls and facilitates attachment
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Wall-associated teichoic acids}} covalently link to the peptidoglycan of gram +ve bacterial cell walls
Published	03/08/2024	Gram {{c1::-ve}} bacterial cell walls contain an outer membrane
Published	03/08/2024	Lipopolysaccharide is composed of {{c1::lipid A, core polysaccharide, and the O antigen}}
Published	03/08/2024	Lipopolysaccharide is anchored into the {{c1::outer membrane}} of gram -ve bacterial cell walls
Published	03/08/2024	Peptidoglycan is located in the {{c1::periplasmic space}} of gram -ve bacterial cell walls
Published	03/08/2024	Gram {{c1::-ve}} cell walls contain porins
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::serological (antigenic)}} classification of bacteria uses {{c2::antibodies to specific bacterial antigens}}
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::morphological}} classification of bacteria uses {{c2::the size and shape of the cells/colonies}}
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::molecular (genetic)}} classification of bacteria uses {{c2::a DNA sequence/molecular data to compare to known bacteria}}
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::metabolic (biochemical)}} classification of bacteria uses {{c2::biochemical test reactions}}
Published	01/26/2024	{{c1::Blood agar (BA)}} is used to cultivate {{c2::nonfastidious}} bacteria and determine {{c2::hemolysis}}
Published	01/26/2024	{{c1::Chocolate agar}} is used to cultivate {{c2::fastidious}} organisms like {{c2::Neisseria}} and {{c2::Haemophilus}}
Published	01/26/2024	Buffered charcoal–yeast extract (BCYE) agar is used to select for {{c1::Legionella}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Exogenous}} infections come from {{c2::external sources}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Endogenous}} infections occur when {{c2::normal flora spreads to inappropriate sites}}
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Virulence}} is the ability of bacteria to {{c2::cause disease}}
Published	03/08/2024	What factors effect the degree of disease caused by bacteria?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the difference between the effect of skin and mucous membranes on how bacteria enter the body?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the ways that bacteria can enter the body?
Published	03/08/2024	What does colonization mean with respect to bacteria?
Published	03/08/2024	How do bacteria attach to cells?
Published	03/08/2024	What is a biofilm?
Published	03/08/2024	How do biofilms improve virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the most common areas of biofilm formation?
Published	03/08/2024	What mechanism do bacteria use to cause tissue invasion & destruction?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the usual outcome of bacterial toxin release?
Published	03/08/2024	How does the bacterial cell wall affect disease?
Published	03/08/2024	What component of gram +ve cell walls stimulates the immune system?
Published	03/08/2024	What component of gram -ve cell walls is considered an endotoxin?
Published	03/08/2024	What is an endotoxin?
Published	03/08/2024	What is an exotoxin?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the effect of an exotoxin?
Published	03/08/2024	How do bacteria evade host defense mechanisms?
Published	03/08/2024	What kind of barrier does Staphylococcus aureus have to evade the immune system?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the effect of bactericidal antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the effect of bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	What is a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
Published	03/08/2024	What is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the 4 main mechanisms of antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	How do β-lactam antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Published	03/08/2024	How do antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?
Published	03/08/2024	How do antibiotics inhibit nucelic acid synthesis?
Published	03/08/2024	How do antimetabolite antibiotics function?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the mechanisms that spread antibiotic resistance after mutation?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the mechanisms that bacteria use to evade antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	How does drug excretion allow bacteria to evade antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	How does target replacement allow bacteria to evade antibiotics?
Published	03/08/2024	What societal factors contribute to antibiotic resistance?
Published	03/08/2024	How does a biofilm play a role in virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	How does a capsule impact virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	What endotoxin-like activity does peptidoglycan stimulate?
Published	03/08/2024	How does teichoic acid affect virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	What does MSCRAMM stand for?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the 5 MSCRAMM proteins on staphylococci?
Published	03/08/2024	How do MSCRAMM proteins affect virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	Protein A is found on coagulase {{c1::+ve}} staphylococci
Published	03/08/2024	What region of an antibody does protein A bind?
Published	03/08/2024	How does protein A improve virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzymes in staphylococci aid in bacterial spread?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzymes in staphylococci inhibit innate immunity?
Published	03/08/2024	How does catalase in staphylococci inhibit innate immunity?
Published	03/08/2024	How does coagulase in staphylococci inhibit innate immunity?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzyme in staphylococci is cytolytic?
Published	03/08/2024	How does phospolipase C in staphylococci cause cytolysis?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzyme in staphylococci destroys penicillin?
Published	03/08/2024	What is a superantigen?
Published	03/08/2024	What cytotoxin in staphylococci disrupts blood vessel smooth muscle, is toxic to RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs, and causes pore formation?
Published	03/08/2024	What cytotoxin in staphylococci hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids?
Published	03/08/2024	Which cytotoxin in staphylococci acts as a surfactant and disrupts the cell membrane?
Published	03/08/2024	What cytotoxin in staphylococci is a mix of many toxins (some hemolytic) and are toxic to macrophages/neutrophils?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the mechanism of exfoliative toxins (serine proteases) in staphylococci?
Published	03/08/2024	What type of disease do staphylococcal enterotoxins cause?
Published	03/08/2024	What staphylococcal protein is responsible for most toxic shock syndrome?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the major pathogenic strains of Staphylococci?
Published	03/08/2024	The {{c1::catalase}} test is used to identify enzymes that can break down {{c2::H2O2}}
Published	03/08/2024	Staphylococci are catalase {{c1::+ve}}
Published	01/22/2024	Strep bacteria are catalase {{c1::+ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	Catalase +ve GPC are likely {{c1::Staph}}
Published	03/08/2024	Catalase -ve GPC are likely {{c1::Strep}}
Published	03/08/2024	A +ve coagulase tube test is used to confirm {{c1::Staph aureus}}
Published	03/08/2024	What Staphylococci are β-hemolytic?
Published	03/08/2024	Nearly all Staph are {{c1::resistant}} to β-lactams
Published	03/08/2024	All Staph are {{c1::resistant}} to bacitracin
Published	03/08/2024	What is the only Staph resistant to novobiocin?
Published	03/08/2024	All Staph (except S. saprophyticus) are {{c1::sensitive}} to novobiocin
Published	03/08/2024	What Staph are PYR +ve?
Published	03/08/2024	What Staph are PYR -ve?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the only Staph ornithine decarboxylase +ve?
Published	03/08/2024	What major virulence factor does MRSA have?
Published	03/08/2024	How is MRSA identified from other Staph?
Published	03/08/2024	S. lugdunensis is coagulase tube {{c1::-ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	S. lugdunensis is coagulase slide {{c1::+ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	What substance makes S. epidermidis good at sticking to plastics and foreign bodies?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the number one cause of sex-related UTI's in women?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzyme in Staph saprophyticus allows it to invade bladder tissue?
Published	03/08/2024	How can you distinguish Micrococcus from Staph aureus?
Published	03/08/2024	O2 tolerance: Staphylococci are {{c1::facultative anaerobes}}
Published	03/08/2024	Motility: Staphylococci are {{c1::non-motile}}
Published	03/08/2024	Salt tolerance: Staphylococci are {{c1::salt tolerant}}
Published	03/08/2024	Staphylococci have a {{c1::wide}} temperature range for growth
Published	03/08/2024	Where are Staphylococci normally found?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the symptoms of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
Published	03/08/2024	What virulence factor contributes to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
Published	03/08/2024	What causes food poisoning from Staphylococci?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the main virulence factor of Staph aureus?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the exotoxins of Staph aureus?
Published	03/08/2024	What exotoxin of Staph aureus acts as a superantigen?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the pathology behind toxic shock syndrome?
Published	03/08/2024	Streptococci are catalase {{c1::-ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	O2 tolerance: Streptococci
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Streptococci}} show a {{c2::chain-like}} arrangement
Published	03/08/2024	Streptococci ferment glucose into {{c1::lactic acid}}
Published	03/08/2024	What are the 3 ways to classify Streptococci?
Published	03/08/2024	How does the Lancefield grouping system classify β-hemolytic bacteria?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the main clinically relevant groups of the Lancefield classification system?
Published	03/08/2024	Strep pyogenes is {{c1::β}}-hemolytic
Published	03/08/2024	Strep pyogenes is Lancefield group {{c1::A}}
Published	03/08/2024	How does the M protein of Strep pyogenes affect virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	How does the F protein of Strep pyogenes affect virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	How does a capsule of hyaluronic acid in Strep pyogenes affect virulence?
Published	03/08/2024	What bacteria has a capsule made of hyaluronic acid?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the effect of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the common effect of streptolysin S and streptolysin O?
Published	03/08/2024	Streptolysin {{c1::O}} destroys other human cells in addition to blood cells
Published	03/08/2024	Streptolysin {{c1::S}} causes lysosomal rupture and WBC self-destruction in addition to destroying blood cells
Published	03/08/2024	What toxins does Strep pyogenes possess?
Published	03/08/2024	What components of the cell wall affect the virulence of Strep pyogenes?
Published	03/08/2024	How does streptokinase A & B affect the virulence of Strep pyogenes?
Published	03/08/2024	How do DNAases A-D affect the virulence of Strep pyogenes?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzymes contribute to the virulence of Strep pyogenes?
Published	03/08/2024	Strep pneumoniae {{c1::cannot}} be classified by the Lancefield system
Published	03/08/2024	What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Published	03/08/2024	What diseases are caused by Strep pneumoniae?
Published	03/08/2024	The polysaccharide capsule of Strep pneumonia contains {{c1::phosphorylcholine}} as a virulence factor
Published	03/08/2024	What is the affect of phosphorylcholine in Strep pneumoniae?
Published	03/08/2024	What enzymes does Strep pneumonia have?
Published	03/08/2024	{{c1::Pneumolysin}} is an enzyme in Strep pneumoniae that creates pores in lung cells
Published	03/08/2024	Bile solubility tests for the presence of {{c1::autolysin and amidase}}
Published	03/08/2024	What enzyme in Strep pneumoniae breaks down IgA?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the affect of IgA protease in Strep pneumoniae?
Published	03/08/2024	Strep pneumoniae is optochin {{c1::sensitive}}
Published	03/08/2024	Strep pneumoniae is bile {{c1::soluble}}
Published	03/08/2024	What are the common Strep viridans species?
Published	03/08/2024	Strep viridans are {{c1::α}}-hemolytic
Published	03/08/2024	Strep viridans is optochin {{c1::resistant}}
Published	03/08/2024	What Strep viridans is associated with dental caries?
Published	03/08/2024	How does Strep mutans form dental caries?
Published	03/08/2024	Enterococci are {{c1::γ}}-hemolytic
Published	03/08/2024	Enterococci are catalase {{c1::-ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	Enterococci are optochin {{c1::resistant}}
Published	03/08/2024	O2 tolerance: Enterococci are {{c1::facultative anaerobes}}
Published	03/08/2024	Salt tolerance: Enterococci are {{c1::salt tolerant}}
Published	03/08/2024	Enterococci grow in {{c1::high}} pH and {{c1::high}} temperature
Published	03/08/2024	What are the 2 species of Enterococcus?
Published	03/08/2024	What diseases do Enterococci cause?
Published	03/08/2024	What media is used to select for Enterococci and GDS from other Strep?
Published	03/08/2024	What media can Enterococci grow on that distinguishes them from other GDS?
Published	03/08/2024	Enterococci are PYR {{c1::+ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	GDS are PYR {{c1::-ve}}
Published	03/08/2024	What is the main virulence factor of Enterococci?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the main true group D Strep bacteria?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the main way to distinguish Strep bovis from Enterococci?
Published	03/08/2024	What cutaneous infections does Staph aureus cause?
Published	03/08/2024	What organ infections does Staph aureus cause?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the key bacteria in Group A Strep?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the key bacteria in Group B Strep?
Published	03/08/2024	What diseases does Strep pyogenes cause?
Published	03/08/2024	What bacteria causes similar infections to Strep pyogenes?
Published	03/08/2024	What type of Strep pyogenes infection precipitates scarlet fever?
Published	03/08/2024	What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
Published	03/08/2024	What Strep causes necrotizing fasciitis?
Published	03/08/2024	What type of Strep pyogenes infection precipitates rheumatic fever?
Published	03/08/2024	What type of Strep pyogenes infection precipitates acute glomerulonephritis?
Published	03/08/2024	What is the mechanism of acute glomerulonephritis?
Published	03/08/2024	What virulence factors does Strep agalactiae have?
Published	03/08/2024	How are infants infected with early-onset Strep agalactiae?
Published	03/08/2024	What diseases does Strep agalactiae cause in newborns?
Published	03/08/2024	How are pregnant women screened for GBS?
Published	03/08/2024	What biochemical tests are used to distinguish Strep agalactiae?
Status	Last Update	Fields