Notes in G29 + G30 Lymphoid System

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Published	11/02/2024	Cells of the immune system primarily communicate through {{c1::cytokines}} and {{c1::chemiokines}}
Published	11/02/2024	Innate immunity can be characterized by the following:{{c1::rapid::slow/rapid}}{{c1::no memory::memory/no memory}}includes {{c1::physical and chemical…
Published	11/02/2024	What is the primary defender of the innate immune system?{{c1::epithelial linings}}
Published	11/02/2024	what are expressed by the innate immune cells of the body and what do they primarily do
Published	11/02/2024	Cells of the innate immune system include {{c1::macrophages/monocytes}}, {{c1::granulocytes}}, and {{c1::NK}} cells.
Published	11/02/2024	can the adaptive immmune response be initiated independeltly of the innate response?
Published	11/02/2024	Upon recognition of an antigen, the immediate response of lymphocytes is to undergo {{c1::clonal expansion}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Adaptive}} immune responses generate immunologic {{c1::memory}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Type of immune response regulated:T cells : {{c1::cellular immune response}}B cells : {{c1::humoral immune response}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphocytes that express receptors but have not yet been exposed to antigens are termed {{c1::naive}} lymphocytes
Published	11/02/2024	Effector lymphocytes are lymphocytes that {{c1::have been exposed to antigens}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphocytes are unique in that they can {{c1::reenter the bloodstream}} after their initial extravassation
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::T cells}} require antigen presentation from MHC molecules, {{c1::B cells}} can interact with both soluble and cell-bound antigens.
Published	11/02/2024	The majority of circulating lymphocytes are {{c1::T}} cells
Published	11/02/2024	CD and MHC class{{c1::CD4}} : {{c2::class II}}{{c1::CD8}} : {{c2::class I}}
Published	11/02/2024	Type of cell that expresses each:MHC class {{c2::I}} presenting: {{c1::all nucleated cells and platelets}}MHC class {{c2::II}} presenting: {{c1::antig…
Published	11/02/2024	MHC proteins are encoded by {{c1::human leukocyte antigen (HLA)}} genes
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::CD4}} cells are helper T cells that function to {{c1::coordinate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages through cytokines}}
Published	11/02/2024	Cytotoxic T (CD8) cells are capable of binding to MHC class {{c1::I}} proteins and function to {{c1::induce apoptosis of infected, cancerous, abnormal…
Published	11/02/2024	CD4 and Fox3P are effector {{c1::regulatory}} T cells that function to {{c1::suppress immune responses and prevent autoimmunity}}
Published	11/02/2024	The following are the primary classes of antibodies: {{c1::IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The following are all examples of antigen presenting cells:{{c1::dendritic cells (myeloid bone marrow origin)macrophagesB cellsfollicular dendritic ce…
Published	11/02/2024	Dendritic cells of the skin are called {{c1::langerhans}} cells and are of {{c1::hematopoietic}} origin
Published	11/02/2024	Follicular dendritic cells are {{c1::mesenchymal}} in origin
Published	11/02/2024	Dendritic cells arise from {{c1::monocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	what are seven features of the adaptive immune resopnse
Published	11/02/2024	Epithelioreticular cells are unique to the {{c1::thymus}}. They are {{c1::endo}}dermal in origin and are a form of {{c1::epithelial}} tissue. Therefor…
Published	11/02/2024	The stroma of the thymic cortex and medulla is produced and maintained by {{c1::epithelioreticular cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	what is diffuse lymphoid tissue
Published	11/02/2024	Spherical clusters of lymphocytes are called lymphoid {{c1::nodules}} and consist of {{c1::B}} cells and {{c1::follicular dendritic}} cells
Published	11/02/2024	what are lymphoid nodules formed by and where can they be seen
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph follicles are present in most tissues with the exception of {{c1::the thymus::lymphatic organ}}
Published	11/02/2024	Secondary lymphoid nodules are composed of a {{c1::pale}} inner {{c1::geminal center (activated B cells)}} and a {{c1::dark}} outer {{c1::mantle (naiv…
Published	11/02/2024	what happens in the germinal center in lymphoid tissue
Published	11/02/2024	In the {{c1::dark}} zone of the germinal center, newly activated B cells proliferate to generate {{c1::effector}} cells producing {{c1::antibodies}}Wi…
Published	11/02/2024	B cell development primarily occurs in the {{c1::bone marrow}} while T cell development primarily occurs in the {{c1::thymus}}
Published	11/02/2024	In what two regions do lymphocytes not come in contact with any foreign antigens?{{c1::bone marrowthe thymus}}
Published	11/02/2024	secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs include:{{c1::MALTsThe spleenLymph nodes}}
Published	11/02/2024	what are some examples of MALTs (specific not regional)
Published	11/02/2024	Can an immune response mount in the thymus? Why or why not?{{c1::No}}
Published	11/02/2024	The vast majority of lymphocytes observed in diffuse lymphoid tissue will be {{c1::T}} cells.
Published	11/02/2024	The majority of MALT tissue is {{c1::diffuse lymphatic}} tissue
Published	11/02/2024	There are three clusters of tonsils: {{c1::palatineadenoid (pharyngeal)lingual}}
Published	11/02/2024	Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that can be identified by their {{c1::epithelial}} lining
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph vessels of the tonsils are {{c1::only efferent lymphatic vessels (draining)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	characterize the palatine tonsils
Published	11/02/2024	characterize lingual tonsils
Published	11/02/2024	characterize pharyngeal/adenoid lymph nodes
Published	11/02/2024	The ileum has a MALT commonly known as {{c1::Peyer's patch}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::M}} cells (aka {{c1::microfold}} cells) are cells unique to the ileum and function to {{c1::facilitate the meeting of APCs and lymphocytes}} by …
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph nodes can be identified by their capsule lining of {{c1::dense connective}} tissue
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph node parenchyma is supported by {{c1::reticular/stromal}} connective tissue that is contiguous with the capsule and trabeculae
Published	11/02/2024	what non lymphoid cells are associated with the stroma of lymph nodes
Published	11/02/2024	The parenchyma of lymph nodes is principally divided into the {{c1::cortex}} and the {{c1::medulla}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph node medullary cords are located in the {{c1::medulla of the lymph node}} and are composed of {{c1::diffuse lymphatic}} tissue
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph nodes contain dilations known as sinuses that allow lymph to flow over cords of immune-competant cells. These sinuses can be divided by region i…
Published	11/02/2024	Afferent lymphatics are lymphatics that {{c1::drain into the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes}} and are formed by {{c1::the efferents of the previous …
Published	11/02/2024	Efferent lymphatics are lymphatics that {{c1::drain lymph nodes}} and are formed by {{c1::the coalescing of medullary sinuses}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph flow is characterized as being {{c1::slow}} and {{c1::unidirectional}}
Published	11/02/2024	Map the flow of lymph through the lymph node:afferent lymphatics → {{c1::subcapsular sinus}} → {{c1::cortical/trabecular sinus}} → {{c1::med…
Published	11/02/2024	90% of lymphocytes enter into lymph nodes through {{c1::high endothelial venules}} while the remaining 10% enter through {{c1::lymphatic afferents}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphocytes primarily enter lymph nodes through {{c1::high endothelial venules}} in the {{c1::paracortex}} via a process called {{c1::diapedesis}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lymph node T cells can be found in the {{c1::paracortex}}, whereas B cells migrate to {{c1::the follicles of the superficial cortex}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Lymphadenopathy}} is the term for lymph node enlargement
Published	11/02/2024	A {{c1::lymphoma }}is a tumor of lymphoid tissue.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::spleen}} is the largest lymphoid organ.
Published	11/02/2024	Does the spleen have any connection to the lymphatic vessels?{{c1::no, lymphocytes enter and exit the spleen exclusively through blood}}
Published	11/02/2024	CT of the spleen
Published	11/02/2024	describe the white pulp
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphocytes enter into the {{c1::white}} pulp of the spleen through {{c1::marginal sinuses}} in the {{c1::marginal zone}}
Published	11/02/2024	The marginal zone of the spleen is supplied by {{c1::branches of central arterioles called marginal sinuses}}
Published	11/02/2024	As central arterioles dive deeper into the parenchyma of the spleen, they lose their {{c1::PALS}} and terminate in small {{c1::penicillar}} arterioles…
Published	11/02/2024	The red pulp of the spleen structurally can be divided into {{c1::sinusoids}} and {{c1::cords of Billroth}}
Published	11/02/2024	In the red pulp of the spleen, closed circulation refers to penicillar arterioles that {{c1::anastamose directly with splenic sinusoids so that red bl…
Published	11/02/2024	In the red pulp of the spleen, open circulation refers to the process by which blood is {{c1::temporarily extravassated from the penicillar arterioles…
Published	11/02/2024	The elongated endothelial cells that line splenic sinusoids are termed {{c1::stave}} cells
Published	11/02/2024	location and structure of the thymus
Published	11/02/2024	Lymphoid cells of the thymus are called {{c1::thymocytes}}
Published	11/02/2024	what do the epithelioreticular cells of the thymus form (another name for the CT collectively)
Published	11/02/2024	What is absent from the stroma of the cortical and medullary thymus?{{c1::reticular fibers}}
Published	11/02/2024	The cortex and medulla of the thymus are of {{c1::endo}}dermal origin (composed of {{c1::epithelioreticular}} cells), but the capsule and trabeculae a…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Involution}} is the age-induced destruction of the thymus gland.
Published	11/02/2024	The cortex of the thymus is {{c1::more}} basophilic than the medulla due to {{c1::a higher density of cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	The most characteristic histological features of the thymus gland are {{c1::Hassal's corpuscles}}. These structures are formed by {{c1::epithelioretic…
Published	11/02/2024	All mature T cells must have the ability to {{c1::recognize antigen-MHC complexes}} and the ability to {{c1::distinguish between self and foreign anti…
Published	11/02/2024	T cell positive selection occurs in the thymic {{c1::outer cortex}} while negative selection occurs in the {{c1::inner cortex/medulla}}
Published	11/02/2024	The first part of thymocyte education is {{c1::positive}} selection with the goal being to select {{c1::for thymocytes that can detect MHC comple…
Published	11/02/2024	The second step in thymocyte maturation is {{c1::negative}} selection. In this step, thymocytes are presented {{c1::self}}-antigens by {{c1::dendritic…
Published	11/02/2024	Thymocytes that have been selected against undergo {{c1::apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages}}
Published	11/02/2024	The blood thymus barrier is composed of:{{c1::endothelial capillary tight junctions}} (superificial most layer){{c1::a layer of perivascular macrophag…
Published	11/02/2024	IL-2 functions to {{c1::increase lymphocyte cell division}} while IL-10 functions to {{c1::inhibit the immune response}}
Published	11/02/2024	Follicular dendritic cells are {{c1::antigen presenting}} cells that function primarily in {{c1::B cell nodule organization}} and {{c1::centrocyte sel…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Dendritic}} cells function solely as antigen presenting cells of the mucosa and are of hematopoietic origin
Published	11/02/2024	Primary lymph nodules are composed of {{c1::naive B}} cells
Published	11/02/2024	The plasma cells of MALTs typically secrete Ig{{c1::A}}s
Published	11/02/2024	The following are examples of antigen-presenting cells:{{c1::epithelioreticular cellsdendritic cellsmacrophagesmonocytesB-cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Centrocytes}} are B cells that are found in the light zones of germinal centers
Published	11/02/2024	primary (central/generative) lymphoid organs include:{{c1::bone marrowthymusfetal liver}}
Published	11/02/2024	what is clonal expansion?{{c1::when lymphocytes that recognize an antigen divide, it produces millions of identical effector cells}}
Published	11/02/2024	describe the process of antigen presentation by APCs:{{c1::1) APC captures antigen2) antigen is broken down into small-peptide fragments in APC3) pept…
Published	11/02/2024	lymphocytes stain {{c1::blue::color}} because they have very little cytoplasm
Published	11/02/2024	primary nodules of lymphocytes are {{c1::homogenous}} in apperance
Published	11/02/2024	lymphocytes migrate from {{c1::primary lymphoid organs}} into {{c1::secondary lymphoid organs}} where they are activated by {{c1::encounters with anti…
Published	11/02/2024	the mucosal system of {{c1::digestive}}, {{c1::respiratory}}, and {{c1::genitourinary}} tracts contain a large amount of lymphoid tissue
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