Notes in Week 3

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Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Preload}} is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of {{c2::diastole}}. It is closely related to {{c3::LVEDP (left ventricu…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Preload}} is increased in {{c2::hyper}}volemia, {{c2::regurgitation}} of the valves, and {{c2::heart failure}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Preload}} is decreased in {{c2::hypo}}volemia and {{c2::hemorrhage}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Afterload}} is the resistance the ventricle must overcome to circulate the blood
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Afterload}} is increased in {{c2::hyper}}tension, vaso{{c2::constriction}}, and increased {{c2::workload}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c2::Afterload}} is decreased in {{c1::hypo}}tension and {{c1::AV}} valve regurgitation
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Contractility}} is the measure of strength of the {{c2::cardiomyocytes}} to contract
Published	10/09/2023	{{c3::Contractility}} is increased with {{c1::sympathetic}} activation and decreased in {{c2::heart failure}}
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Published	10/09/2023	Where is the best measure of ventricular preload? {{c1::A}}
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Published	10/09/2023	LaPlace Law:{{c1::Wall stress}} = ({{c2::Pressure}} * {{c3::Radius}})/(2*{{c4::Thickness}})
Published	10/09/2023	Higher wall stress increases {{c2::oxygen}} consumption, affecting {{c1::MVO2}}
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Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Cardiac Index}} = {{c2::Cardiac Output}}/{{c3::Body Surface Area}}
Published	10/09/2023	Exercise leads to a/n {{c1::increase}} in contractility, {{c1::increase}} in preload, and {{c1::decrease}} in afterload
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Published	10/09/2023	The {{c1::myocardium}} is the thickest layer of the heart
Published	10/09/2023	The {{c1::pericardial cavity}} is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the heart
Published	10/09/2023	During {{c1::atrial}} contraction, the {{c2::atrioventricular}} valves are open, while the {{c2::semilunar}} valves are closed
Published	10/09/2023	During {{c1::ventricular}} contraction, the {{c2::semilunar}} valves are open, while the {{c2::atrioventricular}} valves are closed
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Collateral arteries}} are {{c2::anastamoses}} made between the branches of coronary circulation that protects the heart from {{c3::ischemia}}
Published	10/09/2023	Oxygenated blood enters the coronary arteries through openings in the {{c1::aortic}} valves
Published	10/09/2023	Deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins enters the right atrium through the {{c1::coronary sinus}}
Published	10/09/2023	Coronary lymphatic vessels drain fluid to the {{c1::paratracheal}} lymph nodes
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Vasculogenesis}} is the growth of vessels from {{c2::progenitor}} or {{c2::stemlike}} cells that originate in the {{c3::bone marr…
Published	10/09/2023	The largest arteries like the aorta and pulmonary arteries are {{c1::elastic::elastic/muscular}} arteries
Published	10/09/2023	Bloodflow resistance is related to {{c1::radius}}, {{c1::length}}, and {{c1::viscosity}}
Published	10/09/2023	High {{c1::hematocrit}} results in greater {{c3::viscosity}} and reduces blood flow
Published	10/09/2023	Vessels in series have {{c1::greater}} resistance while vessels in parallel have {{c1::lesser}} resistance
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)::Hormone}} cause the {{c2::loss}} of salts and water, {{c2::decreasing}} blood volume
Published	10/09/2023	Adrenomedullin causes vaso{{c1::dilatory}} activity
Published	10/09/2023	{{c2::Coronary perfusion pressure}} is the difference in the pressure in the {{c1::aorta}} and {{c1::coronary vessels}}
Published	10/09/2023	During depolarization of the heart, the inside of the cells become less {{c1::negatively}} charged
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Published	10/09/2023	The P wave represents {{c1::atrial depolarization}}
Published	10/09/2023	The QRS complex is the sum of {{c1::ventricular depolarizations}}
Published	10/09/2023	The QT interval varies {{c1::inversely}} with {{c2::heart rate}}
Published	10/09/2023	The T wave represents {{c1::ventricular repolarization}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c2::Chronotropy}} is change in {{c1::heart rate}}, while {{c2::inotropy}} is change in {{c1::force of contraction}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::B3}} receptors {{c2::decrease}} myocardial contractility ({{c2::negative}} inotropic effect)
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::B2}} stimulation increases coronary blood flow
Published	10/09/2023	After electrical excitation, {{c1::calcium}} enters the myocardial cells and binds to {{c2::troponin}}. This moves {{c3::tropomyosin}} away from the b…
Published	10/09/2023	After myosin binds with actin, {{c1::ADP}} and {{c1::phosphate}} are released, causing the {{c2::power stroke}}. A new {{c3::ATP}} molecule attaches t…
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Published	10/09/2023	The SA node is stimulated/inhibited by fibers from the {{c1::cardiopulmonary plexus}}
Published	10/09/2023	The cardiopulmonary plexus includes both sympathetic {{c3::post}}-ganglionic fibers from {{c1::T1-T5::spinal cord levels}} and parasympathetic {{…
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Published	10/12/2023	What type of shunts cause cyanosis?{{c1::Right}}-to{{c1::left}} shunts
Published	10/12/2023	Ventricular septal defects primarily happen in the {{c1::membranous}} portion of the septum
Published	10/12/2023	{{c4::Ventricular septal defects}} show symptoms {{c1::2 weeks or later::time}} and can be auscultated by looking for a {{c2::systolic murmur}} a…
Published	10/12/2023	The most common {{c2::atrial septal detect}} is with formation of the {{c1::septum secundum}}. It is associated with {{c3::down syndrome::ge…
Published	10/12/2023	The distinguishing factor for ASD and VSD is that ASDs have increased {{c1::O2 saturation}} in the {{c2::right atrium}}
Published	10/12/2023	Auscultation of the atrial septal defect should see a {{c1::fixed split}} {{c2::S2}} which occurs because of a delay in closure of the {{c3:…
Published	10/12/2023	Patent ductus arteriosus is commonly caused due to {{c1::premature birth}} or congenital {{c2::rubella}} infection
Published	10/12/2023	Auscultation of a {{c3::patent ductus arteriosus}} should hear a {{c1::machine-like murmur}} best heard over the {{c2::left clavicle}}
Published	10/12/2023	{{c3::Patent ductus arteriosus}} can lead to differential {{c1::cyanosis}} in the {{c2::lower}} extremities
Published	10/12/2023	Patent ductus arteriosus causes increased O2 saturation in the {{c1::pulmonary arteries}}
Published	10/12/2023	Pressure in the right heart can increase enough to switch the shunt direction to the left heart. This is called {{c1::Eisenmenger syndrome}}
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Eisenmenger syndrome}} can cause increased {{c2::erythropoietin}} (causing {{c2::polycythemia}}) and {{c3::clubbing}} of fingers/toes
Published	10/12/2023	The difference between adult and infant coarctation of aorta is that the {{c3::adult}} coarctation has narrowing {{c1::after}} the ductus arteriosis a…
Published	10/12/2023	Disorders associated with aortic coarctation are {{c1::Turner}} syndrome and {{c2::bicuspid aortic}} valve
Published	10/12/2023	If the {{c2::aorticopulmonary septum}} doesn't form or forms incompletely, this leads to {{c1::persistant truncus arteriosis}}
Published	10/12/2023	If {{c3::spiraling}} of the aorticpulmonary system doesn't occur, this leads to {{c1::transposition of great vessels}}, creating 2 {{c2::sep…
Published	10/12/2023	One common compensatory mechanism in tetralogy of Fallot is {{c2::squatting}}, which increases {{c1::peripheral vascular}} resistance
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)}} is caused by the pulmonary veins {{c2::fusing}} at the wrong location
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Tricuspid atresia}} is when the tricuspid valve is malformed or fails to develop. This causes {{c3::right ventricle}} {{c2::atrophy}}
Published	10/12/2023	Long term complications of coarctation of aorta is increased risk of cerebral {{c2::hemorrhage}}, {{c1::rib notching}}, and {{c3::LV}} hypertrophy
Published	10/12/2023	A longterm consequence of ASD is a {{c1::cryptogenic}} stroke
Published	10/12/2023	To medically manage VSD, you should increase {{c2::caloric}} intake and give medications like {{c1::diuretics}} or {{c1::ACE inhibitors}}
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Published	10/15/2023	Requirements for sinus rhythm{{c2::P}} before every {{c2::QRS}}{{c3::QRS}} before every {{c3::P}}All {{c1::P waves}} look the sameNormal P wave {…
Published	10/15/2023	In a {{c1::left atrial}} rhythm, the P wave is {{c3::negative}} in lead {{c2::I}} and {{c3::positive}} in lead {{c2::aVF}}
Published	10/15/2023	In a {{c1::low right atrial}} rhythm, the P wave is {{c3::positive}} in lead {{c2::I}} and {{c3::negative}} in lead {{c2::aVF}}
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Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::Right}} axis deviation QRS complex is {{c2::negative}} in lead {{c3::1}} and {{c2::positive}} in lead {{c3::aVF}}
Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::Left}} axis deviation QRS complex is {{c2::positive}} in lead {{c3::1}} and {{c2::negative}} in lead {{c3::aVF}}
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Indeterminate}} axis deviation is {{c2::negative}} in lead 1 and {{c2::negative}} in lead aVF
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::PR interval}} represents {{c2::atrial depolarization}} and conduction through the pause at the {{c3::AV node}}
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::1st}} degree heart block: {{c2::prolonged}} PR (>200ms) with {{c3::1:1}} conduction
Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::2nd}} degree/Mobitz type {{c1::1}} ({{c1::Wenkebach}}) heart block: PR gradually {{c2::prolongs}} before not conducting
Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::2nd}} degree/Mobitz type {{c1::2}} heart block: no change in PR with {{c2::"random"}} beats not conducting
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::3rd}} degree: {{c2::complete}} heart block, {{c3::no correlation}} between P and QRS/T
Published	10/12/2023	Example of {{c1::Wenkebach or 2nd degree/Mobitz Type 1}} heart block
Published	10/12/2023	Example of {{c1:: 2nd degree/Mobitz Type 2}} heart block
Published	10/12/2023	Example of {{c1::3rd degree}} heart block
Published	10/12/2023	Heart block causes include:Congenital {{c1::heart disease}}{{c2::Ischemia}}Infiltrative {{c3::cardiomyopathy}}Medications
Published	10/12/2023	When there is issue with a {{c1::bundle branch}}, the R/L ventricular contractions become less {{c2::coordinated}} and the QRS becomes {{c3::prolonged…
Published	10/12/2023	Bundle branch blocks can happen because of:{{c1::Ischemia/infarction}} of bundle branchEccentric ventricular {{c2::hypertrophy}}Congenital {{c3::heart…
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Right}} bundle branch block: {{c2::RV}} contracts after {{c2::LV}}
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Left}} bundle branch block: {{c2::LV}} contracts after {{c2::RV}}
Published	10/12/2023	This is an example of {{c1::right bundle branch}} block
Published	10/12/2023	This is an example of {{c1::left bundle branch}} block
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Published	10/12/2023	Normal QTC is <{{c1::450}}ms
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Published	10/12/2023	In {{c1::left ventricular}} hypertrophy, there is a tall {{c2::S}}-wave in {{c3::V1}} and {{c3::V2}} and a tall {{c2::R}} wave in {{c4::V5}} and {{c4:…
Published	10/12/2023	Causes of {{c5::LVH}} include:{{c1::Hyper}}tension{{c2::Aortic}} stenosis{{c3::Hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy{{c4::Coarctation}} of the aorta
Published	10/12/2023	In {{c1::right ventricular}} hypertrophy, there is a {{c2::right}} axis deviation and dominant {{c3::R wave}} in {{c4::V1}} and {{c4::V2}}
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Published	10/12/2023	In a STEMI, there is localized ST {{c1::elevation}} in the {{c2::inferior}} leads and reciprocal ST {{c1::depression}} in {{c2::anterior}} leads
Published	10/12/2023	{{c2::Ischemic}} cells are less {{c1::depolarized}} after firing and are less {{c1::repolarized}} at rest
Published	10/12/2023	{{c1::Downsloping}} ST segment {{c2::depression}} is classic for {{c3::subendocardial ischemia}}
Published	10/12/2023	Remnant of acute MI is a deep and wide {{c1::Q wave}} in the same location/lead where the {{c2::ST elevation}} was
Published	10/12/2023	0481ad408e9e4b428a11853f673fb10e-ao-1
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Published	10/15/2023	1ba795339d244e4ca784b27a00cd892e-ao-1
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Published	10/15/2023	{{c2::Positive/upward}} deflections are depolarizing forces directed {{c1::towards}} the lead or repolarizing forces {{c1::away}} from the lead
Published	10/15/2023	{{c2::Negative/downward}} deflections are depolarizing forces directed {{c1::away}} from the lead or repolarizing forces {{c1::towards}} the lead
Published	10/15/2023	To find rate through an ECG, you can divide {{c1::300}} by the number of boxes between intervals
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Published	10/15/2023	One serious outcome of a long QT interval is a {{c1::Torsades de pointes}}
Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::Acute pericarditis}} has reciprocal ST {{c2::depression}} and PR {{c2::elevation}} in {{c3::aVR}} and {{c3::V1}} leads
Published	10/15/2023	{{c1::STEMI}} on ECG have {{c2::localized}} ST elevations with reciprocal ST depressions
Published	10/15/2023	A classic symptom of {{c1::early repolarization}} is a notched {{c2::J point}} creating a {{c3::fish hook}} pattern
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