Notes in 05. The Heart Set B

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Published	10/21/2024	Ischemic heart disease group of related entities resulting from {{c1::myocardial ischemia }}results from reduced blood flow due to obstructi…
Published	10/21/2024	Ischemic heart disease may be due to: [1] {{c1::CHRONIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION}}More than 90% have atherosclerosis> {{c1::70}}% obstruct…
Published	10/21/2024	Angina Pectoris Characterized by: Paroxysmal and usually recurrent attacks of {{c1::substernal or precordial::location}} chest discomfortCaused by tra…
Published	10/21/2024	ANGINA PECTORIS {{c1::Silent}} ischemia is particularly common in the geriatric population and in the setting of diabetic nephropathy
Published	10/21/2024	TYPES OF ANGINA {{c1::STABLE (TYPICAL) ANGINA}} most common form caused by imbalance in {{c1::coronary perfusion}} relative to {{c1::my…
Published	10/21/2024	TYPES OF ANGINA {{c1::PRINZMETAL VARIANT ANGINA }}uncommon form caused by {{c1::coronary artery spasm}} responds to {{c1::vasodila…
Published	10/21/2024	TYPES OF ANGINA {{c1::UNSTABLE OR CRESCENDO ANGINA}} Pattern of increasingly frequent, prolonged (> {{c1::20}} min) Severe angina precipi…
Published	10/21/2024	How does a patient with stable angina describe pain and radiation?
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION}}“Heart attack”Death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemiaFrequency rises progressively with {{c1::increasing age an…
Published	10/21/2024	General pathogenesis of MI starts with the formation of {{c1::fatty streak}} in vessels pathologic {{c1::intimal}} thickening {{c1::pla…
Published	10/21/2024	MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION outcome depends predominantly on the severity and duration of {{c1::flow deprivation }}the benefits of reperfusion are…
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Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF MILocation, size, and specific morphologic features of myocardial infarction:{{c1::Location, severity and rate of development …
Published	10/21/2024	Progression of ischemic necrosis in the myocardium starts in the {{c1::subendocardial zone}}, because this receives blood supplied by the epicard…
Published	10/21/2024	TRANSMURAL INFARCTS vs. NON TRANSMURAL INFARCTS {{c1::Transmural}} Infarcts{{c1::ST-elevation MI (STEMI)}}Occurs when there is an occlusion …
Published	10/21/2024	TRANSMURAL INFARCTS vs. NON TRANSMURAL INFARCTS{{c1::Non-Transmural::Transmural or non transmural?}} Infarcts {{c1::Non-ST-elevation MI (STEMI)::…
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Published	10/21/2024	Evolution of Morphologic changes in MI Time: Event highlighted 0-1/2 hr : {{c1::no gross or microscopic changes}} 12-24 hours : {{c1::g…
Published	10/21/2024	In the gross specimen of the heart as seen below, what are the areas identified? Blue: {{c1::infarct}}Red: {{c1::hemorrhage}} (probably associate…
Published	10/21/2024	Timeline of MI HistologyIn 24 hours, there is coagulative necrosis represented by the {{c1::wavy fibers}}, widened spaces between dead fibers that con…
Published	10/21/2024	Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia {{c1::Electrocardiography (ECG)}}{{c1::Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB}} levels{{c1::Cardiac-specific troponins (cTnT, c…
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  In 1-5% of cases, there will be {{c1::myocardial rupture::type of complication}}, which is frequently fatal…
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  Septal rupture leads to {{c1::left-to-right::right-to-left or left-to-right}} shunt
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  Papillary muscle rupture leads to severe {{c1::mitral regurgitation::mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitatio…
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  {{c1::Fibrinous pericarditis::Complication}} may occur 2-3 days after infarction and gradually resolves.
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  Chamber dilation may lead to {{c1::wall thinning}}, with associate mural thrombus
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences and Complications of MI  {{c1::Ventricular aneurysm::complication}} most commonly results from a large transmural anteroseptal infar…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Chronic Ischemic}} Heart Disease Progressive congestive heart failure Consequence of accumulated ischemic myocardial damage and/or ina…
Published	10/21/2024	ARRHYTHMIAS May be sustained or sporadic (paroxysmal)May be initiated from {{c1::SA::site}} down to any level of an individual myocyte{{c1::Ische…
Published	10/21/2024	ARRHYTHMIAS {{c1::Sick sinus syndrome}} → due to problems in SA node and causes bradycardia {{c1::Atrial fibrillation}} → atrial myocytes be…
Published	10/21/2024	ARRHYTHMIAS{{c1::Channelopathies}} → most important of the primary electrical abnormalities of the heart that predispose to arrythmiascaused by mutati…
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Published	10/21/2024	SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATHUnexpected death from cardiac causes, either without symptoms or within {{c1::1-24}} hours of symptom onset Most common mecha…
Published	10/21/2024	SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASELeft-sided Minimal pathologic criteria: {{c1::LVH (usually concentric) in the absence of other cardiovascular path…
Published	10/21/2024	PULMONARY HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASEright-sided; Cor pulmonale due to RV pressure overload Acute cor pulmonale may follow massive {{c1::pulm…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::RIGHT SIDED HHD }}[ventricle] marked dilated with thickened free wallhypertrophy of trabeculae{{c1::LEFT SIDED HHD}}induced muscle hypertro…
Published	10/21/2024	LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY in Tg Mice Earlies change: increase in {{c1::transverse diameter of myocyte }}Advance stages: apparent {{c2::ce…
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