Notes in 02 Cranial Nerves

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Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::nucleus tractus solitarius}}, also known as the vomiting center (located in the medulla) receives main inputs from: 1. {{c2::GI tract}} 2. {…
Published	09/03/2024	The nucleus tractus solitarius projects neurons to other medullary nuclei to coordinate the {{c1::vomiting}} response
Published	09/03/2024	The GI tract directly communicates with the nucleus tractus solitarius via the {{c1::vagus}} nerve (CN {{c1::X}})
Published	09/03/2024	Serotonin activates {{c1::5-HT3}} receptors on the vagal afferents, which relay their impulse to the nucleus tractus solitarius
Published	09/03/2024	The vestibular system communicates directly with the nucleus tractus solitarius via the {{c1::vestibulocochlear}} nerve (CN {{c1::VIII}})
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::area postrema}} (chemoreceptor trigger zone) is located adjacent to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the {{c2::4th}} ventricle
Published	09/03/2024	Information from the carotid sinus baroreceptor is carried to the {{c2::nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)}} via the {{c1::glossopharyngeal}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	Information from the aortic arch baroreceptors is carried to the {{c2::nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)}} via the {{c1::vagus}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerves are NOT located in the brain stem? {{c1::I and II::2}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerves are located above the pons? {{c1::I, II, III, and IV::4}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerves are located in the pons? {{c1::V, VI, VII, and VIII::4}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerves are located in the medulla? {{c1::IX, X, XI*, and XII::4}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve nuclei are located medially? {{c1::III, IV, VI, and XII::4}}
Published	09/03/2024	The cranial nerve nuclei that exit {{c2::medially}} are {{c1::motor::motor, sensory, or mixed}} CNs
Published	09/03/2024	The cranial nerve nuclei that exit {{c1::laterally}} are typically mixed or sensory CNs
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Superior colliculus}}
Published	09/03/2024	The superior colliculi help coordinate {{c1::conjugate vertical}} gaze
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::superior}} colliculi directs eye movements to stimuli (noise / movements) or objects of interest
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Inferior colliculus}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::inferior}} colliculi are auditory structures
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Trochlear (CN IV)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Pretectal nuclei (light reflex)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Pineal gland}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Cerebral peduncle}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Mammillary body}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Trochlear (CN IV)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Trigeminal (CN V)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Abducens (CN VI)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Facial (CN VII)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Vagus (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Olive}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Hypoglossal (CN XII)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Cranial Nerve: {{c1::Accessory (CN XI)}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID the structure: {{c1::Medullary pyramid}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::I}} is the {{c2::olfactory}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve (CN I)?{{c1::Sensory::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the function of CN I (olfactory)? {{c1::Smell}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the only cranial nerve that lacks thalamic relay to the cortex? {{c1::CN I (olfactory)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::I (olfactory)}} result in {{c1::anosmia}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::II}} is the {{c2::optic}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the optic nerve (CN II)?{{c1::Sensory::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c1::II (optic)}} result in loss of the sensory limb of the light reflex
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c1::II (optic)}} result in visual field deficits (anopsia)
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::III}} is the {{c2::oculomotor}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?{{c1::Motor::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve innervates the superior rectus muscle? {{c1::CN III (oculomotor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve innervates the inferior rectus muscle? {{c1::CN III (oculomotor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve innervates the medial rectus muscle? {{c1::CN III (oculomotor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve innervates the inferior oblique muscle? {{c1::CN III (oculomotor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) contributes to pupillary {{c1::constriction::dilation or constriction}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c2::III (oculomotor)}} is responsible for {{c1::accommodation}} via innervation of ciliary muscle
Published	09/03/2024	What cranial nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris muscle? {{c1::CN III (oculomotor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::motor}} component of CN III is located {{c1::centrally::centrally or peripherally}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::parasympathetic}} component of CN III is located {{c1::peripherally::centrally or peripherally}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which CN III fibers (motor or parasympathetic) are affected first by vascular disease?{{c1::Motor}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which CN III fibers (motor or parasympathetic) are affected first by compression? {{c1::Parasympathetics}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::III (oculomotor)}} result in ptosis and a "{{c1::down}} and {{c1::out}}" gaze
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c1::III (oculomotor)}} result in loss of the motor limb of the light reflex
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN III (oculomotor) result in a "{{c1::blown/dilated::size}}" pupil
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c1::III (oculomotor)}} result in inability to accommodate (cycloplegia)
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::IV}} is the {{c2::trochlear}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?{{c1::Motor::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::IV (trochlear)}} contributes to eye movement via innervation of the {{c1::superior oblique}} muscle
Published	09/03/2024	The strongest action of the superior oblique muscle is {{c1::depression}} while {{c2::adducted}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN IV (trochlear) may present with head tilting {{c1::away from}} the lesioned side
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN IV (trochlear) result in {{c1::upward}} movement of the eye, particularly with contralateral gaze
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve lesion presents with difficulty walking downstairs? {{c1::CN IV (trochlear)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::VI}} is the {{c2::abducens}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the abducens nerve (CN VI)?{{c1::Motor::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::VI (abducens)}} contributes to eye movement via innervation of the {{c1::lateral rectus}} muscle
Published	09/03/2024	The lateral rectus muscle is responsible for eye {{c1::abduction}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::VI (abducens)}} result in a medially-directed eye (at rest) that cannot {{c1::abduct}}
Published	09/03/2024	Patients with CN VI lesions may squint to reduce diplopia, producing a "{{c1::pseudo-ptosis}}"
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::superior oblique}} muscle is isolated by having the patient {{c1::adduct}} and {{c1::depress}} their eye
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::inferior rectus}} muscle is isolated by having the patient {{c1::abduct}} and {{c1::depress}} their eye
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::inferior oblique}} muscle is isolated by having the patient {{c1::adduct}} and {{c1::elevate}} their eye
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::superior rectus}} muscle is isolated by having the patient {{c1::abduct}} and {{c1::elevate}} their eye
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::V}} is the {{c2::trigeminal}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?{{c1::Both (motor and sensory)::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides general sensation to the forehead, scalp, and cornea? {{c1::Ophthalmic (V1)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides general sensation to the palate, nasal cavity, maxillary face, and maxillary teeth? {{c1::Maxillary (V2)…
Published	09/03/2024	Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides general sensation to the jaw and mandibular teeth? {{c1::Mandibular (V3)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides somatosensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? {{c1::Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3)::specific}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? {{c1::Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3)::specific}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::V3 (trigeminal)}} result in deviation of the jaw {{c1::toward}} the side of the lesion
Published	09/03/2024	What cranial nerve pathology causes repetitive, unilateral, shooting pain in a distribution of CN V lasting < 1 minute? {{c1::Trigeminal neura…
Published	09/03/2024	Episodes of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) typically last {{c1::< 1}} minute
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::VII}} is the {{c2::facial}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the facial nerve (CN VII)?{{c1::Both (motor and sensory)::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? {{c1::Facial nerve (CN VII)}} *bonus-which branch
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides innervation to the muscles of facial expression? {{c1::Facial nerve (CN VII)}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::VII (facial)}} provides parasympathetic innervation to the {{c1::lacrimal}} gland for tear formation*bonus: which branch?
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::VII (facial)}} provides parasympathetic innervation to the {{c1::submandibular}} and {{c1::sublingual}} glands for salivationbonus: which bra…
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi muscle (facilitates eyelid closing)? {{c1::Facial nerve (CN VII)}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::VII (facial)}} innervates the {{c1::stapedius}} muscle, which facilitates auditory volume modulation
Published	09/03/2024	CN VII (facial) provides some cutaneous innervation to the skin behind the {{c1::ear}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::VIII}} is the {{c2::vestibulocochlear}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve  is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?{{c1::Sensory::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	What are the functions of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)? {{c1::Hearing and balance::2}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c1::VIII (vestibulocochlear)}} may cause sensorineural hearing loss and loss of balance
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::IX}} is the {{c2::glossopharyngeal}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?{{c1::Both (motor and sensory)::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides taste to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue? {{c1::Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides somatosensation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue? {{c1::Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)}}*where else does this nerve i…
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve monitors the carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors? {{c1::Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::IX (glossopharyngeal)}} provides parasympathetic innervation to the {{c1::parotid}} gland for salivation
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::IX (glossopharyngeal)}} provides motor innervation to the {{c1::stylopharyngeus}} muscle
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::IX (glossopharyngeal)}} result in loss of the sensory limb of the {{c1::gag}} reflex
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::X}} is the {{c2::vagus}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X)?{{c1::Both (motor and sensory)::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve monitors the aortic body and arch chemo- and baroreceptors? {{c1::Vagus nerve (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve provides taste to the supraglottic region? {{c1::Vagus nerve (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c1::X (vagus)}} provides parasympathetic innervation to the thoracoabdominal viscera
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve is most responsible for swallowing and soft palate elevation? {{c1::Vagus nerve (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve is most responsible for talking and coughing? {{c1::Vagus nerve (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve is responsible for keeping the uvula in the midline? {{c1::Vagus nerve (CN X)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::X (vagus)}} result in loss of the motor limb of the {{c1::gag}} reflex
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::X (vagus)}} result in deviation of the uvula {{c1::away from}} the side of the lesion
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::XI}} is the {{c2::accessory}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the accessory nerve (CN XI)?{{c1::Motor::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c3::XI (accessory)}} provides motor innervation to the {{c1::sternocleidomastoid}} and {{c2::trapezius}} muscles
Published	09/03/2024	The left sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle contracts to turn the head to the {{c1::right}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::XI (accessory)}} result in weakness turning the head to the {{c1::contra}}-lateral side of the lesion
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::XI (accessory)}} result in shoulder droop on the {{c1::ipsi}}-lateral side of the lesion
Published	09/03/2024	Cranial nerve {{c1::XII}} is the {{c2::hypoglossal}} nerve
Published	09/03/2024	What type of cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?{{c1::Motor::motor, sensory, or both}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the function of CN XII (Hypoglossal)? {{c1::Tongue movement}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to CN {{c2::XII (hypoglossal)}} result in deviation of the tongue {{c1::toward}} the side of the lesion
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN III and IV? {{c1::Midbrain}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Spinal trigeminal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which trigeminal nerve nucleus receives pain and temperature sensations from CN V distributions? {{c1::Spinal trigeminal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Spinal trigeminal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN V, VI, VII and VIII? {{c1::Pons}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Spinal trigeminal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Dorsal motor nucleus of X - Adjacent and lateral to the hypoglossal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve(s) does the dorsal motor nucleus contribute to? {{c1::CN X (Vagus)}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::dorsal motor}} nucleus sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI tract
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Nucleus solitarius}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve(s) does the nucleus solitarius contribute to? {{c1::CN VII, IX, and X}}
Published	09/03/2024	The nucleus {{c1::solitarius}} receives visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Nucleus ambiguus}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which cranial nerve(s) does the nucleus ambiguus contribute to? {{c1::CN IX, X, and XI (cranial portion)}}
Published	09/03/2024	The nucleus {{c1::ambiguus}} supplies motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation)
Published	09/03/2024	ID Nucleus: {{c1::Spinal trigeminal nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN IX, X and XII? {{c1::Medulla}}
Published	09/03/2024	Where is the nucleus of CN XI (accessory nucleus) located? {{c1::Spinal cord}}
Published	09/03/2024	Do intramedullary lesions affect fibers of the spinal accessory nerve? {{c1::No}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::spinal trigeminal}} nucleus receives information about {{c1::pain}} and {{c1::temperature}} from the ipsilateral face
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::mesencephalic}} nucleus of V receives {{c1::proprioceptive}} input from the face
Published	09/03/2024	Which trigeminal nerve nuclei forms the sensory limb of the jaw jerk reflex? {{c1::Mesencephalic nucleus}}
Published	09/03/2024	The 2nd-order neurons of trigeminal nerve nuclei synapse in the {{c1::ventral posteromedial (VPM)}} nucleus of the thalamus
Published	09/03/2024	Rules of 4: Lesions in the brain stem that affect the {{c1::spinal trigeminal nucleus}} result in {{c2::ipsi}}-lateral alteration of pain and temperat…
Published	09/03/2024	Lesion to which artery affects the nucleus ambiguus? {{c1::Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::I}} exits the skull through the {{c1::cribriform foramina}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::II}} exits the skull through the {{c1::optic canal}}
Published	09/03/2024	CNs {{c2::III}}, {{c3::IV}}, {{c4::VI}}, and {{c5::V1}} exit the skull through the {{c1::superior orbital fissure}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::V2}} exits the skull through the {{c1::foramen rotundum}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::V3}} exits the skull through the {{c1::foramen ovale}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::middle meningeal}} artery enters the skull through the {{c1::foramen spinosum}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::VII}} and {{c2::VIII}} exit the skull through the {{c1::internal auditory meatus}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::IX}}, {{c2::X}}, and {{c2::XI}} exit the skull through the {{c1::jugular foramen}}
Published	09/03/2024	The jugular vein exits the skull through the {{c1::jugular foramen}}
Published	09/03/2024	CN {{c2::XII}} exits the skull through the {{c1::hypoglossal canal}}
Published	09/03/2024	The brainstem, spinal root of CN XI, and vertebral arteries exit/enter the skull through the {{c1::foramen magnum}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Cribriform plate - Exit for CN I}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Optic canal - Exit for CN II and ophthalamic artery::nerve and vessel}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Superior orbital fissure - Exit for CN III, IV, VI, and V1::4 nerves, 1 vessel}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Foramen rotundum - Exit for CN V2I see (optic) Standing Room Only Sorry}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Foramen ovale - Exit for CN V3::2}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Foramen spinosum - Exit for middle meningeal artery::1 a.v.+ bonus nerve}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Internal auditory meatus - Exit for CN VII, VIII and labyrinthine artery::2 nerves, 1 artery}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Jugular foramen - Exit for CN IX, X, XI, and jugular vein::3 nerves, 1 vein, 2 sinus, 1 artery}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Hypoglossal canal - Exit for CN XII}}
Published	09/03/2024	ID Bony Opening: {{c1::Foramen magnum - Exit/entry for brainstem, spinal root of CN XI, and vertebral arteries::1 nerve, 1 vessel}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesser actions of the superior oblique muscle are {{c1::abduction}} and {{c2::intorsion}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lesions to the glossopharyngeal nerve result in loss of sensation of the {{c1::middle}} ear cavity
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