Notes in 1. Respiratory Physiology (1-3)

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Published	02/10/2024	1. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Published	02/10/2024	2. What is cellular/internal respiration?
Published	02/10/2024	3. What is external respiration?
Published	02/10/2024	4. Why does oxidative phosphorylation depend on external respiration but anaerobic glycolysis doesn't?
Published	02/10/2024	5. Explain the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Published	02/10/2024	6. What's the difference between a pulmonary artery and a systemic artery?
Published	02/10/2024	7. What's the difference between a pulmonary vein and a systemic vein?
Published	02/10/2024	8. Explain the relationship between CVS and RS during exercise.
Published	02/10/2024	In the steady state, the net volume of gas exchanged in the lungs per unit time (250ml/min O2; 200ml/min CO2) is {{c1::equal}} to the net volume excha…
Published	02/10/2024	Respiration rate is {{c1::12-18}} breaths/min at rest, can reach {{c1::40 - 45}} breaths/min at maximum exercise.
Published	02/10/2024	The respiratory system has an upper and lower tract.Upper respiratory tract contains:→ ({{c1::mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx}})Lower respir…
Published	02/10/2024	The right lung contains two fissures and three lobes, and three secondary bronchi.The two fissures in the right lung are:[1] {{c1::Horizontal fissure}…
Published	02/10/2024	9. What is meant by patency and how is it maintained in the airways?
Published	02/10/2024	10. Why doesn't gas exchange occur in areas other than the alveoli in the respiratory tree?
Published	02/10/2024	11. Why are aspirated foreign bodies commonly found lodged in the right bronchi?
Published	02/10/2024	12. Why is resistance to air flow greater in upper airways (trachea, bronchi) compared to lower airways (bronchioles, alveoli)
Published	02/10/2024	13. How does the activity of bronchial smooth muscle alter resistance to air flow?
Published	02/10/2024	14. What is anatomical dead space and where is it located?
Published	02/10/2024	15. What is the function of the elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli?
Published	02/10/2024	16. Identify the two types of alveolar cells
Published	02/10/2024	The surface area of the alveoli is enormous ({{c1::80m2}}) but extremely thin so fits in a volume of approx. ({{c1::6L}})
Published	02/10/2024	17. What is Tidal volume (TV)?
Published	02/10/2024	18. What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Published	02/10/2024	19. What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Published	02/10/2024	20. What is Residual Volume (RV)?
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the following terms:[1] Tidal Volume[2] Expiratory Reserve Volume[3] Inspiratory Reserve Volume[4] Residual Volume
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the following terms:[1] Vital Capacity[2] Total Lung Capacity [3] Inspiratory Capacity [4] Functional Residual Capacity [5] FEV…
Published	02/10/2024	21. Describe the anatomy of the pleural cavity
Published	02/10/2024	22. Describe the relationship between the parietal and visceral pleura.
Published	02/10/2024	23. Why is the relationship between the parietal and visceral pleura important for inflation and deflation of the lung?
Published	02/10/2024	24. What is Boyle's Law?
Published	02/10/2024	25. What is Dalton's Law?
Published	02/10/2024	26. What is Charles Law?
Published	02/10/2024	27. What is Henry's Law?
Published	02/10/2024	28. Describe the muscles used and the pressure changes (PA & Patmos & Pip) during inspiration.
Published	02/10/2024	29. Describe the muscles used and the pressure changes (PA & Patmos & Pip) during expiration.
Published	02/10/2024	30. What is the 'pump handle' motion of the intercostals?
Published	02/10/2024	31. What is the 'bucket handle' motion of the intercostal?
Published	02/10/2024	32. Define the following types of pressure:[1] Intra-thoracic (Alveolar) Pressure (PA)[2] Intra-pleural Pressure (Pip)[3] Transpulmonary pressure (PT)
Published	02/10/2024	33. How are airways affected by breathing?
Published	02/10/2024	34. How does pneumothorax show the importance of the relationship between pleural membranes?
Published	02/10/2024	35. Why is intrapleural pressure always less than alveolar pressure in a healthy lung?
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the relation between bulk flow of air, atmospheric and alveolar pressures, and airway resistance{{c1::Bulk flow of air between the atmos…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Airway resistance}} determines how much air flows into the lungs at any given pressure difference between atmosphere and alveoli.
Published	02/10/2024	The major determinant of airway resistance is the {{c1::radius}} of the airways.
Published	02/10/2024	36. What is surfactant and why is it important?
Published	02/10/2024	37. Why is surfactant more effective in smaller alveoli?
Published	02/10/2024	38. What is the Law of LaPlace?
Published	02/10/2024	39. Why is more work needed to expand smaller alveoli than larger alveoli if they had the same surface tension?(in the absence of surfactant)
Published	02/10/2024	Surfactant production starts at {{c1::~25}} weeks gestation and is complete by {{c1::~36}} weeks.(40 weeks = full term)It is stimulated by {{c2::thyro…
Published	02/10/2024	40. Mention some breathing complications that prematurely born babies suffer.
Published	02/10/2024	41. What is Compliance and what factors affect it?
Published	02/10/2024	Alveolar surface tension is greatly {{c1::reduced}} and compliance {{c1::increased}} because of the surfactant produced by the type II cells of t…
Published	02/10/2024	42. Provide approximate values for the following lung volumes and capacities.[1] Inspiratory reserve volume[2] Expiratory reserve volume[3] Tidal volu…
Published	02/10/2024	43. Describe the difference between pulmonary (minute) and alveolar ventilation
Published	02/10/2024	44. Describe the impact anatomical dead space (ADS) has on alveolar ventilation
Published	02/10/2024	45. Why does a hypoventilater have less alveolar ventilation compared to a hyperventilater?
Published	02/10/2024	The percentages of relevant gases in the atmosphere:Nitrogen → {{c1::79%}}Oxygen → {{c1::21%}}Carbon Dioxide → {{c1::0.03%}}
Published	02/10/2024	Where does the CO2 in our cells and blood come from?{{c1::The CO2 in our cells and blood is there because we make CO2 through aerobic g…
Published	02/10/2024	46. What is the partial pressure of a gas?
Published	02/10/2024	47. Describe the normal values of PO2 and PCO2 (alveolar & systemic arterial).
Published	02/10/2024	48. Describe the impact of hyperventilation on PO2 and PCO2
Published	02/10/2024	49. Describe the impact of hypoventilation on PO2 and PCO2
Published	02/10/2024	50. Why does a small change in intrapleural pressure bring about a larger change in volume at the base of the lungs compared with the apex?
Published	02/10/2024	Alveolar ventilation {{c1::declines}} with height from base to apex of an upright lung due to changes in {{c2::compliance}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Alveolar}} ventilation is functionally more important than {{c1::pulmonary}} ventilation and is significantly influenced by {{c2::anatomical dea…
Published	02/10/2024	51. Why is depth of breathing more influential in determining alveolar ventilation than rate of breathing?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary}} circulation delivers CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2{{c1::Systemic}} circulation delivers O2 to the tissues and pick up C…
Published	02/10/2024	52. What's the difference between Bronchial circulation and Pulmonary circulation
Published	02/10/2024	Alveolar PO2 & PCO2 = Systemic arterial PO2 & PCO2 → {{c1::100}} mmHg and {{c1::40}} mmHg respectively---------------…
Published	02/10/2024	53. List the abbreviations used to describe the partial pressures of gases in the alveoli, systemic arteries, and veins.
Published	02/10/2024	The diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood obeys the rule of {{c1::simple diffusion}},
Published	02/10/2024	54. Describe the factors that influence the diffusion of gases across the alveoli
Published	02/10/2024	55. Why does CO2 diffuse rapidly (200ml/min) compared to O2 (250ml/min) when the PCO2 gradient between alveoli and pulmonary arterial b…
Published	02/10/2024	The overall rates of equilibrium between O2 and CO2 are similar because of the greater {{c1::pressure gradient}} for O2.
Published	02/10/2024	56. How is the anatomy of the lung optimally adapted to maximise gas exchange?
Published	02/10/2024	57. Why is there a great degree of variability in blood flow within the lung?
Published	02/10/2024	58. How does Emphysema affect diffusion and why does expiration become harder?
Published	02/10/2024	59. How does Fibrotic lung disease (fibrosis) affect diffusion and why does inspiration become harder?
Published	02/10/2024	60. How does Pulmonary edema affect diffusion?
Published	02/10/2024	61. How does Asthma indirectly affect diffusion?
Published	02/10/2024	62. Why are high compliance and high elasticity important for having a healthy lung?
Published	02/10/2024	63. Explain the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease & give some examples.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Spirometry}} is an investigation commonly used to measure lung functionMeasurements can be classed as:[1] {{c2::Static}} – measures expiration v…
Published	02/10/2024	64. What is FEV1/FVC?
Published	02/10/2024	65. Describe the FEV1/FVC in an obstructive lung disease e.g. COPD
Published	02/10/2024	In Obstructive diseases, the impact on {{c1::air flow}} is greater than the impact on {{c1::lung capacity}} so the FEV1:FVC ratio is significantly red…
Published	02/10/2024	66. Describe the FEV1/FVC in a restrictive lung disease e.g. Pulmonary fibrosis
Published	02/10/2024	67. Why is normal FEV1/FVC ratio not always indicative of health?
Published	02/10/2024	68. Why does it require a greater change in pressure (from FRC) to reach a particular lung volume during inspiration, than to maintain that volume dur…
Published	02/10/2024	69. Why does it require additional work during expiration in Emphysema?
Published	02/10/2024	70. Why does it require additional work during inspiration in Fibrosis?
Published	02/10/2024	71. Why is expiration, not inspiration, most affected in Asthma/Bronchitis?
Published	02/10/2024	Expiration or Inspiration?Obstructive diseases increase the work of {{c1::expiration}}Restrictive diseases increase the work of {{c1::inspiration}}
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