Notes in BIOC20

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Published	09/28/2024	What type of parasites are viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What kinda matrial can be found in viruses what is the function of this matrial?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a virion?
Published	09/28/2024	What does a virion consist of?
Published	09/28/2024	What do the nucleic acids encode for?
Published	09/28/2024	Tell me how virus have a variety of distinct morphologies, genome sizes and particle sizes.
Published	09/28/2024	What are some of the functions of the virion proteins?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a capsid?
Published	09/28/2024	What is an envelop?
Published	09/28/2024	What essential functions do virues lack?
Published	09/28/2024	What do viruses do when they infect the cell?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the very first thing that happen when a virus enters a cell?
Published	09/28/2024	Define encapsdidate
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 3 diffrent forms (shapes) that viral genomes can apper in?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 4 major traits for virus classification?
Published	09/28/2024	Viruses are the only form of ‘life’ that can use RNA as a genome what are 2 issues with this?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a retrovirus?
Published	09/28/2024	What is zoonotic spread?
Published	09/28/2024	Viruses are the most abundent biological entites - put this into perspective.
Published	09/28/2024	What is the smallest virus we know?
Published	09/28/2024	What are some discoveries that came up with the study of viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	How are virues so specific remeber they can only infect one cell type and sometimes one host
Published	09/28/2024	What did Dimitri Ivanovski and Martinus Beijernck do?
Published	09/28/2024	What did the discovery of Tobacco Mosaic Virus show?
Published	09/28/2024	What are bacteriophages?
Published	09/28/2024	What is + strand virus?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a - strand protein?
Published	09/28/2024	What did phages contribute to science?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the Hershey and Chase Experiment in detail
Published	09/28/2024	What is filter sterilazation?
Published	09/28/2024	How where viruses stuided in the past?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a plaque assay?
Published	09/28/2024	How is bactiral growth measured?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the basic cycle that happen when viruses infect a bactitra?
Published	09/28/2024	Why are serial dilutions used for plaque assays?
Published	09/28/2024	What are plaque forming units (PFU)?
Published	09/28/2024	How do we calculate the true number of viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	How do eukaryotes grow and what is a downside of this?
Published	09/28/2024	Say we have a stained eukaryotic monolayer what would happen when viruses are introduced?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the formula of PFU?
Published	09/28/2024	Why are red blood cells used for assaying viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a hemagglutination assay?
Published	09/28/2024	Why do viruses infected RBCs clump?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the limitation of hemagglutination assays?
Published	09/28/2024	What is hemagglutinating unit?
Published	09/28/2024	How can we count viruses using an electron microscope?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the issue with eletron microsopy?
Published	09/28/2024	Are all physical particles infectious?
Published	09/28/2024	What are somethings that can make a virus defective?
Published	09/28/2024	What are latent infections?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the MOI?
Published	09/28/2024	How are virus replication cycles stuided?
Published	09/28/2024	Why do we synchronize events of virus replication?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the formula for MOI?
Published	09/28/2024	What is virus titer?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the alternate formula for MOI?
Published	09/28/2024	Why do we wash away the infection medium after 1 hour.
Published	09/28/2024	What are some ways we can analyze results for infectous viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	When we drop in the virus into the medium what is the very very first thing that we see?
Published	09/28/2024	Why is there a lag phase right after dropping the virus in why does virus concentration not increase immidiatly?
Published	09/28/2024	When are the viruses realsed out of the cells?
Published	09/28/2024	How can we measure the comopenets of the viruses like the mRNA, proteins, and genomes
Published	09/28/2024	What are the common features of the viral replication cycle?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the point of early gene expresstion?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the point of late gene expression?
Published	09/28/2024	What is an example of non-specific binding?
Published	09/28/2024	What is specific binding?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the concept of RNA dependent RNA polyermase?
Published	09/28/2024	Other than replications what is another function of early proteins?
Published	09/28/2024	Other than sturtural proteins what other proteins are made by late gene expresion?
Published	09/28/2024	Once we have enough progeny virons produced what might happen?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the baltimore classification of viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the main things that viruses must be able to do?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a nucleocapsid?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the diffrence between the capsid and nucleocapsid?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the capsids made of in terms of structure? (Yes proteins but more specfically)
Published	09/28/2024	What is genetic economy?
Published	09/28/2024	Are cubes and tetrahedron possible in virus geometry if so give an example.
Published	09/28/2024	What is the most common shape in virus?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the diffrent types of symmtry in a virus particle?
Published	09/28/2024	Say we have a 5000 nucleotides in a ssDNA, what is the coding capcity?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a jelly roll ß barrel fold?
Published	09/28/2024	Are viruses smooth?
Published	09/28/2024	The more complex capsids have repeating subunit interactions in a quasai equvilent way. What does this mean?
Published	09/28/2024	How are viruses with helical symmetry organized?
Published	09/28/2024	For negitive strand RNA viruses how does the genome wind?
Published	09/28/2024	What kinda symmetery do bactriphages contain?
Published	09/28/2024	What is an advantage of helical nucleocapsids?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 2 parameters that define symmetry of a helical capsid?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the pitch of the helix?
Published	09/28/2024	Where are viral glycoproteins found?
Published	09/28/2024	How does a virus get an evelop in the first place?
Published	09/28/2024	What fuction does the envelop provide?
Published	09/28/2024	How does an envelop form?
Published	09/28/2024	Give exmaples as to how the lipid content of the envelop (lipid bilayer)
Published	09/28/2024	What are the traits of the evelope viral glycoproteins?
Published	09/28/2024	How are envelop proteins synthesized?
Published	09/28/2024	What does the glucosylation of the external domain do?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a type I intergral membrane protein?
Published	09/28/2024	What are Type II intergral membrane proteins?
Published	09/28/2024	What signaling sequence does the Type I membrane proteins use?
Published	09/28/2024	What signaling sequence does the Type II membrane proteins use?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the variables that determine capsid assembly?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the function of scaffolding protein?
Published	09/28/2024	What are procapsids
Published	09/28/2024	What do packing signals do?
Published	09/28/2024	What are core proteins?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the ectodomain
Published	09/28/2024	How is the budding of viruses driven?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the funcation of the tails in the viral glycoproteins?
Published	09/28/2024	When a nucleocapsid is assembled in the cytoplasm and binds to the cytoplasmic tails of envelop proteins what happens next?
Published	09/28/2024	How does the virus know when to stop filling up the procapsid with the viral genome?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a concatemer?
Published	09/28/2024	How do proteins interacting with nucltides recognize the the viral genome?
Published	09/28/2024	For some helical viruses why does the capsid forms around the RNA at the same time the RNA is synthesized?
Published	09/28/2024	How does the curvature form in the membrane for virus budding?
Published	09/28/2024	What do the matrix proteins do?
Published	09/28/2024	In HIV what happens when the gag protein is cleaved?
Published	09/28/2024	Retroviruses can make bald particles what are those?
Published	09/28/2024	What does gag stand for and what do they do (gag proteins)
Published	09/28/2024	What is needed for the final pinch off in terms of virus budding?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the common ways that viruses dissembe themselves in proteolytic ways?
Published	09/28/2024	What are methods of viron disassmebly
Published	09/28/2024	Virions are energtically metastable what does this mean?
Published	09/28/2024	Can assembly and disassbmly be reversed? If so how?
Published	09/28/2024	What are virus classifications based on?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the suffix for faimilies in terms of virus?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the genera suffix for viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 5 molecular criteria used to classify viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	Are viruses genetically or evolutionarly realted to us?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 6 types of virus hosts?
Published	09/28/2024	What does a virus species share?
Published	09/28/2024	How are viruses grouped using genera?
Published	09/28/2024	How are plant viruses named?
Published	09/28/2024	How are insect virsus named?
Published	09/28/2024	How many proteins are encoded very 1000 nucliotides
Published	09/28/2024	What is a generilzation of ssDNA viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What is are generalizations for dsDNA virsues?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a generilzation for negitive strand RNA viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a generalization for positive strand RNA Virus?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a major down side of ssRNA genome viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	All known RNA virius have ____   ______
Published	09/28/2024	What are some triats about most negitive strand RNA viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What traits do doubled stranded RNA viruses have
Published	09/28/2024	In the early stages of life how did viruses evolve?
Published	09/28/2024	What are some simple and common traits of viroids and RNA virueses?
Published	09/28/2024	How did RNA viruses transistion to the DNA world? What was an advantage of this?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 4 things that are involved with self replicating RNA viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	How did small and medium size DNA viruses arise?
Published	09/28/2024	How did large DNA virisuses arise?
Published	09/28/2024	In the small and medium sized genomes what did there limited number of viral genes encode for?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 7 major virus groups?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the overall mission of a virus??
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 4 general steps to virus entry?
Published	09/28/2024	How do enveloped viruses enter?
Published	09/28/2024	How do non-enveloped viruses enter?
Published	09/28/2024	How do nonenvelop viruses enter without rupturing the membrane?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 2 steps of entry of enveloped viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a unique mechinism of transcription regarding dsRNA genomes?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a fragmented genome?
Published	09/28/2024	Why are dsRNA genomes have a borad range of host?
Published	09/28/2024	What direction is the DNA templete read?
Published	09/28/2024	What direction does synthesis happen?
Published	09/28/2024	How do Reverse transciptase virus work?
Published	09/28/2024	What are satellite viruses?
Published	09/28/2024	What kinda proteins do satallite virsues encode?
Published	09/28/2024	What are satellite nucleic acids?
Published	09/28/2024	What are viroids?
Published	09/28/2024	How do non-eveloped viruses enter?
Published	09/28/2024	How does cell to cell transmission work?
Published	09/28/2024	What are viralogical synapses?
Published	09/28/2024	What are syncytia (sigular syncytium)?
Published	09/28/2024	How do plant virsus spread?
Published	09/28/2024	What is the pasmodesmata and how is it exploited?
Published	09/28/2024	How is endocytosis triggered?
Published	09/28/2024	Talk about virus attachment.
Published	09/28/2024	When a virus is gonna rupture a cell does the ruptuing happing from the inside or the outside?
Published	09/28/2024	What are attachment factors/adhesion receptors?
Published	09/28/2024	What are entry receptors?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 3 host cell receptors interact with surface compoenets of a virion?
Published	09/28/2024	Receptors and virus interactions leads to change in the virus and cells which facilitates entry via a 3 mechinisms what are they?
Published	09/28/2024	What is happening here?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the traits of receptor mediated endocytosis?
Published	09/28/2024	Affinity of individual interactions may be fairly low but attachment can be very tight why is that?
Published	09/28/2024	What is macropinocytosis?
Published	09/28/2024	What does acidification signal when the virus is inside of the endosome?
Published	09/28/2024	What are fusogens?
Published	09/28/2024	What are the 3 maturation steps for fusion proteins?
Published	09/28/2024	What is a fusion peptide?
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