Notes in 06 Noncardiovascular Monitoring

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Published	12/13/2023	The Lambert-Beer law relates the {{c1::concentration}} of a solute (oxygen) to the {{c2::absorption}} of light.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the advantage of mainstream capnography?{{c1::Fast response time}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the requirement for mainstream capnographs to be used?{{c1::Patients must be intubated}}
Published	12/13/2023	At what point is EtCO2 measured? {{c1::End of Phase III (beta angle)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Esophageal equipment (e.g. stethoscopes, temperature probes, dopplers) should be avoided in patients with {{c1::esophageal varices or strictures}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Methemoglobinemia}} will present with pulse oximetry readings of ~{{c2::85}}% regardless of the true oxygen satura…
Published	12/13/2023	How does excessive ambient light and light-leakage from the LED affect a pulse ox reading?{{c1::It introduces artifact}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal SvO2  is approximately {{c1::70}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	Sidestream capnographs work by {{c1::aspirating gas}} from the breathing circuit.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Elemental/non-compound}} gases cannot be measured with {{c2::infrared}} gas analyzers.
Published	12/13/2023	Oxygen {{c1::expands}} in a magnetic field and {{c1::contracts}} when the magnet is turned off.
Published	12/13/2023	How is a polarographic electrode different from a galvanic cell?A polarographic electrode works only if a {{c1::small voltage}} is applied to two elec…
Published	12/13/2023	BIS values of {{c1::60}} to {{c1::80}} are used for light/moderate sedation.
Published	12/13/2023	MEPs monitor the {{c1::ventral}} spinal cord.
Published	12/13/2023	Cerebral oximetry uses {{c1::near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)}}, which operates based on {{c2::reflectance}} oximetry.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothermia is associated with {{c1::delayed}} drug metabolism
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of the {{c2::ulnar}} nerve causes contraction of the {{c1::adductor pollicis}} muscle.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Double-burst stimulation (DBS)}} detects fade better than a train-of-four.
Published	12/13/2023	What muscle should be monitored to assess recovery from neuromuscular blockade?{{c1::Adductor pollicis}}
Published	12/13/2023	Indicators of adequate recovery from paralysis include 1. a {{c2::sustained head lift}} greater than 5 seconds2. the ability to generate an …
Published	12/13/2023	Most anesthetic gases are now measured by {{c1::infrared absorption}} analysis. These devices are all based on the {{c2::Beer–Lambert}} Law.
Published	12/13/2023	In galvanic cells and polarographic electrodes, the {{c1::electrical current}} is proportional to the O2 concentration.
Published	12/13/2023	Oximetry depends on the observation that oxygenated and reduced hemoglobin differ in their absorption of {{c1::red}} and {{c1::infrared}} light.
Published	12/13/2023	Arterial pulsations on the pulse oximeter are identified by {{c2::plethysmography}}, allowing corrections for light absorption by {{c1::nonpulsating v…
Published	12/13/2023	In addition to SpO2, pulse oximeters indicate {{c1::tissue perfusion}} and measure {{c2::heart rate}}
Published	12/13/2023	In the absence of lung disease or low FiO2, {{c1::pulse oximetry}} cannot detect bronchial intubation.
Published	12/13/2023	Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and HbO2  both absorb light at {{c2::660}} nm, so pulse oximeters will register a falsely {{c1::high::low/normal/hi…
Published	12/13/2023	Most pulse oximeters are {{c1::inaccurate::accurate/inaccurate}} at low SpO2
Published	12/13/2023	How do emboli affect dead space?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	An exponential decrease in EtCO2 is usually due to {{c1::a cardio-pulmonary event}}
Published	12/13/2023	What are the two possible etiologies for the capnograph abnormality seen below?{{c1::Incompetent expiratory valve}} or {{c2::exhau…
Published	12/13/2023	The increased metabolic rate caused by malignant hyperthermia causes a marked {{c1::rise::rise/decrease}} in ETCO2.
Published	12/13/2023	The gradient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 reflects {{c1::alveolar dead space}}
Published	12/13/2023	Phase I of a normal capnograph represents gas exhaled from {{c1::dead space}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What causes the capnograph abnormality seen below?{{c1::Spontaneous respiratory effort}}
Published	12/13/2023	What causes the capnograph abnormality seen below?{{c1::Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g. bronchospasm)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What causes the capnograph abnormality seen below?{{c1::Incompetent inspiratory valve}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Alpha}} waves have a frequency of {{c1::8}}-{{c1::13}} Hz and are found often in a resting adult with eyes closed.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Beta}} waves at {{c1::8}} to {{c1::30}} Hz are found in concentrating individuals or individuals under light anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Delta}} waves have a frequency of {{c1::0.5}} to {{c1::4}} Hz and are found in brain injury, deep sleep, or deep anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::Theta}} waves have a frequency of {{c1::4}} - {{c1::7}} Hz and are found in sleeping individuals and during anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	As inhalational anesthesia progressively deepens, initial {{c2::beta}} activation is followed by slowing, {{c1::burst suppression}}, and {{c1::isoelec…
Published	12/13/2023	The BIS monitor analyzes four components of the EEG that are present during anesthesia:{{c1::Low::high/low}} frequency {{c1::θ and δ}} waves as found …
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Foley catheters}} are the most reliable method of monitoring urinary output.
Published	12/13/2023	Foley catheters should be removed as soon as feasible to avoid the risk of {{c1::catheter-associated urinary tract infections}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Urine output}} is a poor reflection of kidney perfusion and function and of renal, cardiovascular, and fluid volume status.
Published	12/13/2023	ScvO2 is usually slightly {{c1::higher}} than SvO2 because it does not reflect venous return from the {{c2::cardiac}} circulation.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of the {{c1::facial}} nerve leads to {{c2::orbicularis oculi}} and {{c3::corrugator supercilii}} contraction.
Published	12/13/2023	What muscle should be monitored to assess onset of neuromuscular blockade?{{c1::Orbicularis oculi}}
Published	12/13/2023	BIS values of {{c1::40}} to {{c1::60}} are used for general anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Oxy}}hemoglobin absorbs more {{c2::infrared}} light ({{c2::940}} nm).
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Deoxy}}hemoglobin absorbs more {{c2::red}} light ({{c2::660}} nm).
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Nondiverting}} capnographs cause traction on the endotracheal tube.
Published	12/13/2023	Pulse oximeters should not be placed on limbs with poor {{c1::perfusion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Pulse oximeters are inaccurate when {{c1::methylene blue}} is injected.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothermia causes {{c2::sympathetic}} nervous system activation, which leads to vaso{{c1::constriction}} and {{c1::tachy}}cardia.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothermia is associated with a {{c1::hypo}}coagulable state.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypothermia is associated with {{c1::increased}} risk of surgical site infections.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Paramagnetic}} analysis of oxygen is done by switching a magnetic field on and off.
Published	12/13/2023	Paramagnetic analysis is done by comparing changes in {{c2::volume}} when a magnet is flickered.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Motor}}-evoked potentials evaluate the functional integrity of {{c1::descending}} motor pathways in the {{c3::corticospinal}} tract.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Somatosensory}} evoked potentials monitor the integrity of the {{c2::sensory}} pathways in the {{c3::dorsal}} and {{c3::lateral}} spinal cord.
Published	12/13/2023	Phase II of a normal capnograph represents gas exhaled from {{c1::dead space and alveoli}}
Published	12/13/2023	Phase III of a normal capnograph represents gas exhaled from {{c1::alveoli}}
Published	12/13/2023	BIS values of {{c1::80}} to {{c1::100}} are representative of awake patients.
Published	12/13/2023	BIS values of {{c1::20}} to {{c1::40}} are representative of deep hypnotic states.
Published	12/13/2023	BIS values of {{c1::0}} to {{c1::20}} are associated with burst suppression.
Published	12/13/2023	With cerebral oximetry, a reduction > {{c1::25}}% from baseline suggests a reduction in cerebral oxygenation.
Published	12/13/2023	Interventions that cause vaso{{c1::dilation}} will improve the SpO2 signal.
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