Notes in 07CellularInjury&CellDeath

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::hypoxia::cause of cellular injury}}: oxygen deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ischemia::cause of cellular injury}}: reduced blood supply
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reversible}} injury is a type of cellular injury that is in an early stage/mild form and is transient.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::reversible::type of cellular injury}}: injury has not progressed to severe membrane damage and nuclear dissolution
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::irreversible injury::type of cellular injury}}: due to continuing damage, cell does not recover -> dies
Published	07/30/2024	two main morphologic correlates in reversible cellular injury: {{c1::cellular swelling, fatty change}}
Published	07/30/2024	decreased ATPNa+ enters the cell via passive transportwater follows Na+ cellular swelling
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::fatty change}} is manifested by the appearance of small/large {{c2::lipid vacuoles}} in the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	Fatty change is principally encountered in organs involved in {{c1::metabolism}}.
Published	07/30/2024	gross findings in fatty change: {{c1::increased turgor, increased organ weight::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	microscopic findings in fatty change: {{c1::eosinophilia of cytoplasm}}{{c1::small, cellular vacuoles within the cytoplasm}}{{c1::surface blebs}}
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the plasma membrane of a cell that has undergone fatty change: {{c1::blebbing, blunting, or distortion of microvilli}}…
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria of a cell that has undergone fatty change: {{c1::swelling and the appearance of phospholipid-rich amo…
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell that has undergone fatty change: {{c1::dilation with detachment of ribosokmes and …
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the nucleus of a cell that has undergone fatty change: {{c1::clumping of chromatin}}
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of a cell that has undergone fatty change: {{c1::may contain myelin figures}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myelin figures::ultrastructural change under fatty change}} are collections of phospholipids resembling myelin sheaths that are derived from dam…
Published	07/30/2024	Irreversible cellular injury is consistently characterized by the following phenomena:{{c1::inability to restore mitochondrial function}}{{c1::loss of…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the type of cellular injury: {{c1::irreversible}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the type of cellular injury: {{c1::reversible}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Cellular function may be lost long before cell death occurs.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Morphologic changes of cell injury or death lag far behind loss of function and viability.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::type of cell death}}: rapid and uncontrollable
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::type of cell death}}: accidental cell death
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Necrosis}} is associated with {{c1::loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents}} culminating in dissolution of cells, larg…
Published	07/30/2024	Microscopic changes in the cytoplasm of necrotic cells: - {{c1::increased eosinophilia}}- {{c1::glassy, homogeneous appearance}}- …
Published	07/30/2024	patterns of nuclear change in necrotic cells:- {{c1::pyknosis}}- {{c1::karyorrhexis}}- {{c1::karyolysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] basophilia in (1) pyknotic nuclei (2) normal nuclei{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::pyknosis::nuclear pattern}}: nuclear shrinkage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::karyorrhexis::nuclear pattern}}: nuclear fragmentation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::karyolysis::nuclear pattern}}: nuclear fading
Published	07/30/2024	In karyolysis, there is dissolution of the chromatin due to action of {{c1::DNAses and RNAses}}
Published	07/30/2024	ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria of necrotic cells:{{c1::marked dilation associated with the appearance of large, amorphous intramitochondr…
Published	07/30/2024	morphologic patterns of necrosis:{{c1::coagulative necrosis}}{{c1::liquefactive necrosis}}{{c1::gangrenous necrosis}}{{c1::caseous necrosis}}{{c1::fat…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::coagulative necrosis}}: pattern of necrosis in which underlying tissue architecture is preserved and grossly presents with a firm texture
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coagulative}} necrosis is characteristic of infarcts in all {{c2::solid}} organs except the {{c3::brain}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::liquefactive necrosis}}: pattern of necrosis seen in infections
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::liquefactive necrosis}}: pattern of necrosis in which dead cells are completely digested, transforming the tissue into a liquid viscous mass
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::liquefactive necrosis}}: pattern of necrosis evoked by hypoxic death within the CNS/brain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::gangrenous}} necrosis: usually refers to the condition of a limb that has lost its blood supply
Published	07/30/2024	gangrenous necrosis: refers to {{c1::coagulative}} necrosis + underlying {{c1::liquefactive}} necrosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::caseous necrosis}}: pattern of necrosis described as cheeselike
Published	07/30/2024	The area of {{c1::caseous}} necrosis is often enclosed within a {{c2::granuloma}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Caseous}} necrosis is encountered most often in foci of {{c2::tuberculous infection}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fat}} necrosis typically results from the release of {{c2::activated pancreatic lipases}} into the substance of the pancreas and the perito…
Published	07/30/2024	In fat necrosis, the released fatty acids combine with {{c1::calcium}} to produce grossly visible, chalky, white areas.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fibrinoid}} necrosis is visible in {{c2::light}} microscopy.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fibrinoid}} necrosis is seen in immune reactions in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.
Published	07/30/2024	In fibrinoid necrosis, the deposited {{c1::immune complexes}} + {{c1::fibrin}} that has leaked out of the vessels results to a {{c2::br…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Apoptosis::type of cell death}} occurs when injury is less severe, or cells need to be eliminated during normal processes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Apoptosis::type of cell death}} also occurs in healthy tissues.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Apoptosis::type of cell death}} does not elicit an inflammatory reaction.
Published	07/30/2024	characteristic morphology of apoptosis: {{c1::various stages of chromatin condensation, aggregation, and karyorrhexis}}
Published	07/30/2024	mechanisms of apoptosis:{{c1::mitochondrial intrinsic pathway}}{{c1::death receptor (extrinsic) pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	The mechanisms of apoptosis ulttimately lead to the activation of {{c1::caspases}} which activate enzymes that degrade the cell's proteins and nu…
Published	07/30/2024	anti-apoptotic factors in the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway:{{c1::Bcl-2, Bcl-xl}}
Published	07/30/2024	pro-apoptotic factors in the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway:{{c1::Bak, Bax}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::mitochondrial intrinsic::mechanism of apoptosis}} pathway is triggered by the loss of survival signals, DNA damage, and accumulation of…
Published	07/30/2024	The mitochondrial intrinsic pathway leads to release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as {{c1::cytochrome c}} which initiates {{c2::caspases}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::death receptor::mechanism of apoptosis}} pathway is responsible for elimination of self-reactie lymphocytes and damage by cytotoxic T lympho…
Published	07/30/2024	The death receptor pathway is initiated by the engagement of {{c1::death receptors}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the death receptor pathway, {{c1::executioner caspases}} lead to nuclear fragmentation, endonuclease activation, and breakdown of the cytoskel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::apoptosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: reduced cell size
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::apoptosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: nucleus fragments into nucleosome-sized fragments
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::apoptosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: intact plasma membrane
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::apoptosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: no adjacent inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::apoptosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: often physiologic but may be pathologic after some forms of cell injury
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: enlarged cell size
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: either pyknotic/karyorrhexic/karyolytic nucleus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: disrupted plasma membrane
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: contents leak out of the cell
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: frequent adjacent inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::necrosis::necrosis/apoptosis}}: invariably pathologic
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Necroptosis}} is a special type of cell death that has features of both necrosis and apoptosis.
Published	07/30/2024	Necroptosis is initiated by the {{c1::engagement of TNF receptors}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pyroptosis::special type of cell death}} is associated with the activation of the {{c2::inflammasome}}.
Published	07/30/2024	net result of pyroptosis: {{c1::activation of caspases}}
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