Notes in 04Pancreas

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Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasNormally, the main pancreatic duct drains to the {{c1::major}} papilla through the duct of {{c2::Wirsung}},
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasNormally the duct of {{c1::Santorini}} drains to the {{c2::minor}} papilla.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::sphincter of Oddi}} is a circular band of muscle encircling the {{c2::ampulla of Vater}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasMnemonic for normal anatomy: {{c1::Santorini::duct}} is superior and drains to {{c1::small (minor)}} papilla.
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Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::common bile}} duct always drains to the {{c2::major papilla}} where it meets the {{c1::duct of Wirsung::du…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::dorsal pancreatic}} duct always drains the pancreatic tail.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::duct of Santorini::duct}} always drains to the {{c2::minor papilla}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Pancreas divisum}} is the most common congenital pancreatic ductal anomaly.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Pancreas divisum}} is caused by failure of fusion of the {{c2::ventral}} and {{c2::dorsal}} pancreatic ducts.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreas divisum the dorsal portion (majority) of the exocrine gland output is drained thpough the smaller duct o…
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Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreas divisum increases the risk for {{c1::pancreatitis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreas divisum increases the risk for pancreatitis due to the inability of the {{c1::minor papilla}} to adequately…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasTreatment for pancreas divisum is {{c1::sphincterotomy}} or {{c1::stenting }}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::crossing duct}} sign describes the {{c2::common bile}} duct crossing over the {{c2::main}} duct to join th…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: MRCP heavily T2 weighted sequenceSign: {{c1::Crossing duct sign}}Diagnosis:{{c2::Pancreas divisum}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Annular pancreas}} is a rare congenital anomaly where a portion of the pancreas encircles the {{c2::duodenum}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c2::Annular pancreas}} is secondary to incomplete rotation of the {{c1::ventral pancreatic bud}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial and Sagittal conrast CT Findings: {{c1::Circumferential encircling}} of the pancreas around the duo…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn a neonate, annular pancreas presents with {{c1::duodenal obstruction}} and is in the differential for the {{c2::d…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn an adult, annular pancreas can cause:{{c1::pancreatitis}}{{c2::peptic ulcer disease}}{{c3::duodenal obstruction}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Common channel}} syndrome is also known as {{c2::pancreatobiliary maljunction}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn {{c2::common channel syndrome/pancreatobiliary maljunction}} the {{c1::septum}} between the common bile duct and …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCommon channel syndrome may predispose to:{{c1::choledochal webs}}{{c2::choledochal cysts}}{{c3::pancreatitis}}{{c4:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which may be due to a variety of etiologies that share a final common …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatitis may range in severity from mild {{c1::self-limited}} disease to {{c1::necrotizing infection}} resulting…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Ultrasound}} is useful in the initial evaluation of clinically suspected acute pancreatitis to evaluate for {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Ultrasound::modality}} has limited utility in evaluating complications of pancreatitis such as pancreatic necr…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCT imaging of pancreatitis is ideally performed in the {{c1::pancreatic}} phase.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe pancreatic phase (late arterial) is ~{{c1::40}} seconds after contrast injection when the pancreatic parenchyma …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn evaluation of pancreatitis, the pancreatic phase is the optimal time to detect subtle areas of {{c1::decreased::i…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::CT::modality}} may be helpful when the clinical presentation is equivocal for pancreatitis, a patient is criti…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCT imaging {{c1::is not::is/ is not}} indicated in patients with clinical diagnosis of mild acute pancreatitis.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn cases of mild acute pancreatitis, CT imaging may be {{c1::negative}} or show a mildly {{c1::edematous}} pancreas.…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, MRI is indicated for evaluation of: {{c1::etiology }}{{c2::edema }}{{c3::necrosis&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, {{c1::T2-weighted fat saturation::MR sequence}} can evaluate for {{c2::edema}} and {{c2::fluid coll…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, {{c1::MRCP::MR sequence}} can evaluate for {{c2::biliary tree::structure}} and {{c2::pancreatic duc…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, {{c1::Pre-contrast T1::MR sequence}} can evaluate for pancreatic parenchymal {{c2::bulk}} and {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasOn MR normally, the {{c1::pancreas}} should be the brightest organ
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, {{c1::T1 post contrast at 30, 60, and 90 seconds::MR sequence}} can evaluate for pancreatic {{c2::p…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIn pancreatitis, {{c1::Subtraction::MR sequence}} is best to evaluate for pancreatic {{c2::necrosis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Contrast enhanced axial CT Findings: diffuse pancreatic {{c1::enlargement::change}} and peripancreatic {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasAcute pancreatitis is most commonly caused by {{c1::alcohol use}} or {{c1::an obstructing gallstone}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe two morphologic subtypes of acute pancreatitis: 1. {{c1::interstitial edematous pancreatitis}} 2. {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasAcute pancreatitis can be classified either with the {{c1::Balthazar}} grading system or by the {{c2::CT severity}}&…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasAcute {{c1::peripancreatic fluid::pancreatitis complication}} collection: Non-encapsulated fluid collection.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasAcute {{c1::necrotic::pancreatitis complication}} collection: Non-encapsulated collection containing {{c2::heterogen…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Pseudocyst::pancreatitis complication}}: Encapsulated fluid collection.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasA pancreatic pseudocyst is a collection of pancreatic {{c1::enzymes}} and {{c1::fluid}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasA pancreatic pseudocyst is enclosed by a {{c1::fibrous::material}} wall lacking a {{c1::epithelial}} lining.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe fibrous wall of a pancreatic pseudocyst usually takes about {{c1::4–6::range}} weeks to mature.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Transverse Ultrasound of the pancreatic head and body  Findings: diffusely {{c1::enlarged}} and {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe presence of {{c1::gas}} in a pancreatic/peripancreatic fluid collection suggest {{c2::infection}}, but the absen…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPerihilar renal inflammation due to acute pancreatitis may lead to {{c1::venous compression}} or {{c2::thrombosis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasBowel involvement due to acute pancreatitis may include {{c1::ileus}} or even a {{c1::fistula}}, often to the {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSecondary inflammation of adjacent vessels due to pancreatitis can cause vascular complications:{{c1::Pseudoaneurysm…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Pseudoaneurysm}} secondary to pancreatits is due to erosion and most commonly affects the {{c2::splenic}} arte…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasVenous thrombosis due to pancreatitis, most commonly {{c1::splenic}} vein thrombosis, which may lead to {{c2::portal…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasChronic pancreatitis, most commonly from long-term {{c1::alcohol abuse}}, causes {{c2::irreversible:reversible/irrev…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe classic appearance of chronic pancreatitis is an {{c1::atrophied}} gland, with diffuse {{c2::calcifications}} an…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCalcifications in the distribution of the {{c1::pancreatic duct}} are pathognomonic for {{c2::chronic pancreatitis}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasWhen evaluating for chronic pancreatitis, {{c1::splenic artery::structure}} calcifications are commonly seen in this…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: abdominal radiograph and contrast enhanced axial CTFindings: numerous course {{c1::calcifications }}Diagn…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Groove}} pancreatitis is an uncommon form of focal pancreatitis located in the groove between the head of the …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasGroove pancreatitis usually affects {{c1::young men who are heavy drinkers::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe main differential consideration for groove pancreatitis is {{c1::adenocarcinoma}} of the head of the pancreas.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Groove pancreatitis::pathology}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe histopathologic hallmark  of groove pancreatitis is {{c1::fibrosis}} in the pancreaticoduodenal groove.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasChronic inflammation of the duodenum, seen in groove pancreatitis, can cause duodenal {{c1::stenosis}} or {{c2::cyst…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial and Coronal contrast-enhaced CT Findings: fat stranding in the {{c1::pancreaticoduodenal groove::ar…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Autoimmune pancreatitis}} is the pancreatic manifestation of {{c2::IgG4}}-related sclerosing disease.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe typical imaging appearance of {{c1::autoimmune pancreatitis}} is {{c2::diffuse::focal/diffuse}}, {{c2::sausage::…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasTreatment for autoimmune pancreatitis is with {{c1::steroids}}, which can lead to a {{c1::complete::complete/incompl…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: axial CT and MRI Findings: CT: segmental region of {{c1::low}} attenuation {{c1::enlargement::change…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe differential diagnosis for a segmental region of lowattenuation enlargement of the pancreatic tail and body:{{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasImmunotherapy can lead to episodes of {{c1::pancreatitis}} (which may be clinically occult) and can result in pancre…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasEndocrine pancreatic neoplams: {{c1::Insulinoma}}{{c2::Gastrinoma}}{{c3::Glucagonoma }}{{c4::VIPoma }…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Coronal contrast enhanced CTFindings: Marked dilatation of the {{c1::common bile duct}}, moderate dilatation o…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma}} accounts for 80–90% of all pancreatic tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is typically seen in patients over age {{c1::60}}, with a slight {{c1::male::male/f…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasRisk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma include:{{c1::smoking}}{{c2::alcohol use}} {{c3::chronic pancreatiti…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasA pancreatic mass protocol CT includes {{c1::early arterial}} phase, {{c1::late arterial}} phase (pancreatic phase),…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::late arterial/pancreatic parenchymal}} phase has the greatest conspicuity for detecting the hypoenhan…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe most common location for pancreatic adenocarcinoma to arise is the pancreatic {{c1::head}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic adenocarcinoma is usually {{c1::hypo::hyper/hypo}}-enhancing relative to pancreatic parenchyma.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic adenocarcinoma results in {c1::upstream::upstream/downstream}} ductal dilatation and parenchymal {{c2::at…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::double duct}} sign describes dilation of both the {{c2::pancreatic}} duct and the {{c2::common bile}} duct…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic massess with no ductal dilation:{{c1::Autoimmune pancreatitis}}{{c2::Groove pancreatits }}{{c3::Cyst…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIf a dilated pancreatic duct or double duct sign is present but no mass is visible, one should be suspicious for {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasApproximately {{c1::10}}% of adenocarcinomas will be isoattenuating relative to pancreas and/or difficult to visuali…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasVessels to evaluate whether a pancreatic neoplasm is resectable: {{c1::SMA}} (including the first {{c1::jejunal…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Abutment}}: {{c2::<}}180˚ circumferential contact with vessel.{{c1::Encasement}}: {{c2::>}}180˚ circumfe…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasLimited extension of a mass to the {{c1::duodenum}}, {{c2::distal stomach}}, or {{c3::common bile duct}} does not pr…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial and Coronal contrast enhanced CT Findings: Large pancreatic tail mass with mixed {{c1::soft tissue}…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Acinar cell carcinoma}} is a rare, aggressive variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, exclusively seen in {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe malignant cells in acinar cell carcinoma produce a large amount of {{c1::lipase}} which leads to the clinical tr…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClinical triad of lipase hypersecretion syndrome:{{c1::subcutaneous fat necrosis}}{{c2::bone infarcts/polyarthralgia…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT)}} was formerly known as solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm (SPEN).
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSolid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) occurs in {{c1::young women}} and {{c1::children}} and is nicknamed the {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSoid pseudopapillary tumor most often presents clincally as {{c1::asymptomatic}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSoid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) is more often located in the pancreatic {{c1::tail}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSolid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) has a {{c1::low::high/low}} malignant potential and is typically {{c1::resected::t…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSolid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) appears as a {{c1::large::large/small}} mass with heterogeneous {{c2::solid}} and …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasHemorrhage is {{c1::typical::typical/atypical}} with solid pseudopapillary tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic tumors that feature a capsule: {{c1::Solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) }}{{c2::Mucinous cystic …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial T2 and post contrast T1 MRIFindings: Mixed {{c1::solid}} and {{c1::cystic}} lesion arising from the tail…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial unenhanced CT Findings: {{c1::Cystic}}, peripherally {{c1::calcified}} mass in the tail of the panc…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasMucinous cystic neoplasm affects {{c1::middle-aged women}} and has therefore been nicknamed the {{c2::mother tumor}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasMucinous cystic neoplasm is {{c1::benign but does have malignant potential::benign/malignant}}, so treatment is typi…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasWhen mucinous cystic neoplasms have calcifications, they tend to be {{c1::peripheral::central/peripheral}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial oral-contrast-only CTFindings: Large {{c1::multicystic::appearing}} pancreatic mass containing central {…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial T2 weighted MRIFindings: T2 hyperintensity {{c1::multicystic}} mass in the pancreatic head with innumera…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSerous cystadenoma is a {{c1::benign::benign/malignant}} tumor
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSerous cystadenoma occurs in {{c1::elderly women::population}} and has been nicknamed the {{c2::grandmother tumor}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic mass that consists of many small cysts (>6 cysts that are <2cm): {{c1::Serous cystadenoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSerous cystadenoma can appear as a “bunch of {{c1::grapes}}” or may have a {{c2::solid}} appearance on CT due to {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClassic imaging feature of a serous cystadenoma is a central enhancing {{c1::scar}} with {{c1::stellate}} calcificat…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic mass that consists of a single or a few large cysts (<6 cysts that are >2 cm): {{c1::Mucinous cysti…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasMucinous cystic neoplasm typically occurs in the pancreatic {{c1::body}} and {{c1::tail}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) occurs most commonly in {{c1::elderly males and is nicknamed the gran…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)}} tumors exhibit the greatest age and sex variability of the cy…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplams (IPMN) are considered {{c1::premalignant::benign?}} neoplasms
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIntraductal papilalry mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) may arise from the {{c1::main pancreatic duct (MPD)}} or a {{c1::si…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::main duct and mixed-type::main duct/side branch/mixed}} intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::main duct:: type}} intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Branch duct::type}} intraductal papillary mucinous neoplsm
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: axial and coronal T2 MRI History: chronic pancreatitisFindings: pancreatic {{c1::atrophy}} and {{c1::main…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe Fukuoka consensus guidelines (2017) for {{c1::intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)}} and {{c2::mucin…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasFukuoka consensus guidelines (2017) for IPMNs and MCNs:Worrisome Features ({{c1::should be evaluated by EUS::endosco…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasFukuoka consensus guidelines (2017) for IPMNs and MCNs:Worrisome freatures: Cyst ≥{{c1::3}} cmEnhancing mural n…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasFukuoka consensus guidelines (2017) for IPMNs and MCNs:High-risk stigmata: {{c1::Obstructive jaundice::physical…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be {{c1::hyperfunctioning or non-hyperfunctioning::hyperfunctioning/non-hyperfu…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Non-hyperfunctioning::hyperfunctioning/non-hyperfunctioning}} pancreatic endocrine tumors tend to be larger at…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic endocrine neoplasms may undergo {{c1::cystic}} change and there is often {{c2::central necrosis}} an…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic endocrine tumors tend to be {{c1::hypervascular::vascularity?}} and are best seen in the {{c2::late arter…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasA hypervascular liver mass with an associated pancreatic mass is most likely {{c1::a metastatic lesion from a pancre…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Insulinoma}} is the most common pancreatic endocrine tumor.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasDue to symptoms of {{c1::hypoglycemia}}, insulinomas tend to present {{c2::early::early/late}} and have the {{c2::be…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::10}}% of insulinomas demonstrate malignant behavior
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe {{c1::Whipple}} triad describes the clinical symptoms of insulinoma:{{c2::hypoglycemia }}{{c3::clinical sym…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasLiver metastases are present at the time of diagnosis of gastrinoma in {{c1::60}}% of patients.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Zollinger-Ellison}} syndrome is a clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to a {{c2::gastrinoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSymptoms of gastrin hypersecretion: {{c1::gastritis}}{{c2::diarrhea}}{{c3::peptic ulcer disease}}{{c4::gastroesophag…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasGastrinoma is associated with {{c1::multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1::endocrine disease}} and in this case …
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThree junctions of {{c1::gastrinoma triangle}}:(1) {{c2::CBD and cystic duct}}(2) {{c3::pancreatic neck and body::me…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasHigh gastrin levels can lead to formation of {{c1::carcinoid tumors}} in the {{c2::stomach}}, which may regress afte…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Glucagonoma}} is the third most common pancreatic endocrine tumor.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClinical presentation of glucagonoma: {{c1::migratory rash }}{{c2::diabetes }}{{c3::glossitis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasGlucagonomas have a {{c1::high (~80}}%) rate of malignant behavior (~80%) and {{c2::50}}–{{c2::60}}% have liver meta…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Gastrinoma::tumor}} triangle
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClinical presentation of VIPoma (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide):{{c1::profuse watery diarrhea }}{{c2::hypokalem…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasMost VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal peptide) are malignant and {{c1::60}}–{{c1::80}}% have liver metastases at diagn…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClinical presentation of somatostatinoma:{{c1::abdominal pain}} {{c2::diarrhea}} impaired {{c3::glucose to…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::50}}–{{c1::75}}% of patients with somatostatinomas have liver or lymph node metastases at diagnosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::B-cell lymphoma}} is the most common subtype of lymphoma to affect the pancreas.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasWith pancreatic lymphomas, there is almost always associated {{c1::adenopathy}} and {{c1::multiorgan::organ(s)}} inv…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasThe typical imaging appearance of pancreatic lymphoma is of a {{c1::homo}}geneously, {{c2::diffusely::focally/diffus…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::von Hippel-Lindau}} is an inherited multisystemic disease which confers increased risk of multiple malignancie…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic neoplasms seen in von Hippel-Lindau include {{c1::serous cystadenoma}} and {{c2::pancreatic neuroendocrin…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Cystic fibrosis (CF)}} is the most common cause of childhood pancreatic atrophy.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCystic fibrosis can cause either {{c1::fatty atrophy}} of the pancreas or pancreatic {{c2::cystosis (diffuse replace…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: Axial CT Findings: complete {{c1::fatty}} replacement of the pancreasDiagnosis: {{c2::Cystic Fibrosis::mo…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Schwachman-Diamond::not cystic fibrosis}} is a rare inherited disorder characterized by diffuse {{c2::fatty re…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasClinical presentation of Schwachman-Diamond:{{c1::pancreatic exocrine}} insufficiency {{c2::neutropenia::lab}}{…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Schwachman-Diamond}} is the second-most common cause of childhood pancreatic atrophy.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasBoth {{c1::obesity::not pathologic}} and {{c2::steroids::not pathologic}} can cause fatty atrophy of the pancreas.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Intrapancreatic accessory spleen}} is a benign mimic of a hypervascular pancreatic neoplasm.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasOn imaging, an intrapancreatic spleen typically is a {{c1::small::large/small (1–3 cm)}}, {{c1::well::well/ill}}-def…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasIntrapancreatic accessory spleen follows the {{c1::density}}, {{c2::signal intensity}}, and {{c3::enhancement}} of t…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::MRI::modality}} is diagnostic for an intrapancreatic accessory spleen.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Scintigraphy::modality}} can confirm the diagnosis of an intrapancreatic accessory spleen in ambigous cases.&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCase: MRI abdomen Findings: T1 hypointense, mildly T2 hyperintense mass in the pancreatic {{c1::tail}} (arrows)…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasHypervascular pancreatic lesions: {{c1::Neuroendocrine tumor}}{{c2::Metastases}} (usually renal cell carcinoma)…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCystic pancreatic lesions:{{c1::Cystic fibrosis}}{{c2::von Hippel-Lindau}}{{c3::Pseudocyst}}{{c4::Intraductal papill…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasDiffuse pancreatic enlargement: {{c1::Acute pancreatitis}}{{c2::IgG4-mediated autoimmune pancreatitis}}{{c3::Im…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic Atrophy: {{c1::Age-}}related.{{c2::Immunotherapy}}-related changes.{{c3::Chronic pancreatitis.}}{{c4…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasPancreatic Fatty Infiltration:{{c1::Cystic fibrosis::disease}}Exogenous {{c2::steroids}}{{c3::Obesity}}{{c4::Schwach…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: Pancreas{{c1::Gastrinoma}} is the second most common pancreatic endocrine tumor.
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasSolid epithelial pancreatic neoplasm:{{c1::ductal adenocarcinoma::80-90% of pancreatic tumors}} {{c2::acinar ce…
Published	05/01/2023	Gastrointestinal Imaging: PancreasCystic epithelial pancreatic neoplasms:{{c1::Serous cystic::benign, many small cysts, elderly women}} {{c2::Muc…
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