Notes in 04NervousTissue

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Published	07/30/2024	The CNS is also called the {{c1::neuraxis}}
Published	07/30/2024	everything outside of brain and spinal cordcontains receptors that sense changes in the external and internal environment
Published	07/30/2024	Contains afferent and efferent neurons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::afferent}} neurons carries sensory input into the CNS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::efferent}} neurons brings the “command” from the CNS into somatic and autonomic neurons
Published	07/30/2024	innervates skeletal muscles, voluntary [nervous system division]
Published	07/30/2024	innervates visceral organs, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, involuntary
Published	07/30/2024	3 divisions of the ANS
Published	07/30/2024	4 Fundamental Tissues
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nervous}} Tissue is made up of {{c3::multi}}polar cells that stains {{c2::basophilic}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::nerve processes}} cause the {{c2::multipolar}} shape of nervous tissue
Published	07/30/2024	the only basophilic-staining cell among other cells of body
Published	07/30/2024	in {{c1::neurons}}: both the cytoplasm is {{c2::basophilic}}, the nucleus is {{c2::basophilic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Describe the nucleus of a neuron{{c1::Vesicular. Fish or Owl-shaped}}
Published	07/30/2024	fish-eye shaped nucleus{{c1::pale}}-staining {{c2::vesicular}} nucleus{{c1::dark}}-staining nucleolus due to presence of {{c2::euchromatin}}
Published	07/30/2024	vesicular nucleus contains more {{c1::euchromatin (uncoiled, active chromatin)::chromatin type}}
Published	07/30/2024	vesicular nucleus signifies {{c1::intense::intense/depressed}} metabolic activity of neuron
Published	07/30/2024	this is what makes the cytoplasm stain basophilic (blue)
Published	07/30/2024	neuron cytoplasm contains basophilic masses ({{c1::Nissl bodies}})
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dendrites}}: receive and bring information into the perikaryon (cell body){{c1::Perikaryon}}: processes information; metabolic center{{c1::Axon}…
Published	07/30/2024	basically extensions of the perikaryon contains everything in the perikaryon including Nissl bodies
Published	07/30/2024	shorter but more abundant ; more branches near cell body
Published	07/30/2024	increase surface area for synaptic contact in dendrites
Published	07/30/2024	cellulipetal process
Published	07/30/2024	Neuronal Process w/ no Nissl bodies
Published	07/30/2024	proteins are brought to the axon by?
Published	07/30/2024	Longer and fewer neuron process
Published	07/30/2024	fewer branches right-angled to the main branch of axon
Published	07/30/2024	Do axons have gemmules
Published	07/30/2024	cellulifugal process
Published	07/30/2024	ends in terminal buttons / boutons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Axon terminal buttons}} - knob-like expansions at the endings of axons as it reaches effector organs or other neurons, cells, and tissues and re…
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has Nissl Bodies?
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has no Nissl Bodies?
Published	07/30/2024	Which process is shorter
Published	07/30/2024	Which process is longer
Published	07/30/2024	Which process is more numerous
Published	07/30/2024	Which process is fewer
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has more branches
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has fewer branches
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has gemmules
Published	07/30/2024	Which process has no gemmules
Published	07/30/2024	are RER structures that produce proteins needed for cell membrane in the neuron
Published	07/30/2024	are basophilic masses scattered in the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	packages and concentrates secretory materials (RER-synthesized proteins)
Published	07/30/2024	intermediate filaments of the neuron and maintain cell shape and cytoskeleton
Published	07/30/2024	contribute to cytoskeleton of neuron and works with neurofilament to maintain cell shape and rigidity
Published	07/30/2024	for energy; abundant in regions of synaptic transmission or synapses
Published	07/30/2024	Which organelle has no function in neuron
Published	07/30/2024	Why do centrioles have no function in neurons
Published	07/30/2024	In what neurons are centrioles found in
Published	07/30/2024	found in old neurons
Published	07/30/2024	Neurons where have an abundance of melanin?
Published	07/30/2024	axon is dependent on the {{c1::cell body}} for its protein needs.
Published	07/30/2024	Proteins travel down and up the axon through
Published	07/30/2024	Proteins travelling down and up the axon through microtubules is called?
Published	07/30/2024	Microtubules possess {{c1::channel-like functions}} where proteins are transported
Published	07/30/2024	2 Main Types of Axonal Transport
Published	07/30/2024	From: nerve cell bodyTo: terminal bouton
Published	07/30/2024	From: terminal boutonTo: nerve cell body
Published	07/30/2024	Driven by molecular motor protein Kinesin (coiled structure)
Published	07/30/2024	Driven by molecular motor protein Dynein
Published	07/30/2024	Can be fast or slow neuronal transport
Published	07/30/2024	Possible route for infectious agents to reach the CNS (e.g. rabies virus, poliomyelitis virus, and clostridium tetani)
Published	07/30/2024	polio destroys the {{c1::anterior horn}} cells
Published	07/30/2024	Neurons can be classified based on the {{c1::number of their processes}} or {{c1::length of their axon}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Typical neuron; most common[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	Found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	e.g. pyramidal neurons[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	Present in special sense organs[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	taste buds, organ of corti, and retina neurons[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	2 processes : 1 dendrite, 1 axon[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	A single process branches into two : 1 dendrite, 1 axon[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	The Y or T-shaped process is called a dendraxon (dendrite and axon)[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	Found in cerebrospinal ganglion (also called the spinal ganglion or dorsal root ganglion)[Type of Neuron]
Published	07/30/2024	The Y or T-shpaed process in a pseudounipolar neuron is called a?
Published	07/30/2024	A neuron that has only a single process extending from the cell body.
Published	07/30/2024	Very long axons and far reaching neuron type
Published	07/30/2024	Short axons and “Paikot-ikot lang sa lugar”
Published	07/30/2024	Granule cell Golgi Cell Type
Published	07/30/2024	Interneuron Golgi Cell Type
Published	07/30/2024	Purkinje cell in cerebellum Golgi Cell Type
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior horn cell in spinal cord (reaches different skeletal muscles) Golgi Cell Type
Published	07/30/2024	Pyramidal cell in cerebral cortex (forms your pyramidal tracts to synapse with anterior horn cells of the spinal cord) Golgi Cell Type
Published	07/30/2024	cells of the CNS are called
Published	07/30/2024	cells of the PNS are called
Published	07/30/2024	2 types of ganglion cell
Published	07/30/2024	Ganglion cell type that includes spinal ganglion or cerebrospinal ganglion
Published	07/30/2024	Ganglion cell type that includes innervation of smooth cardiac muscle and glands
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell is multipolar
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell is pseudounipolar
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has fine Nissl bodies uniformly dispersed in cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has presence of numerous satellite cells/amphicytes
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has myelinated fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has sensory function
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has Intermediate sized Nissl bodies at periphery
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has Few satellite cells
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell is Associated with unmyelinated nerve fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Which ganglion cell has motor function
Published	07/30/2024	Proposes a process of how myelin sheath is formed
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schwann Cell}} - Create the myelin sheath around axons of the neurons in the PNS
Published	07/30/2024	JELLY ROLL HYPOTHESIS process
Published	07/30/2024	point of contact of cell membrane of the Schwann cell
Published	07/30/2024	an extension of the Schwann cell surface membrane, grows and forms a spiral sheet around the axon
Published	07/30/2024	which part of the membrane of the Schwann cell wraps itself concentrically around the axon
Published	07/30/2024	concentric deposition of the Schwann cell membrane around the axon
Published	07/30/2024	essentially made up of lipids (as cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer)
Published	07/30/2024	acts as an insulator around the axon, thus electrical potential cannot travel
Published	07/30/2024	does the formation of myelin involve the entire length of the axon
Published	07/30/2024	Myelin sheath forms only at a certain segment called the
Published	07/30/2024	Scwann cell: Internode ratio
Published	07/30/2024	has Nodes of Ranvier
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nodes of Ranvier}} - High concentration of voltage gated {{c2::\(\ce{Na+}\)}} channels between myelin sheaths (internodes)
Published	07/30/2024	What part of a myelinated nerve facilitates the rapid jumping conduction of nerve impulses or basically, facilitates saltatory conduction?{{c1::Nodes …
Published	07/30/2024	fast conduction of impulses
Published	07/30/2024	conduction would travel slowly along its entire length
Published	07/30/2024	Slow-conducting
Published	07/30/2024	Myelin is black under EM because
Published	07/30/2024	Myelin appears empty/as bubbles under LM because
Published	07/30/2024	darker; apposition of the cytoplasmic (inner) surfaces of the Schwann cell membrane
Published	07/30/2024	apposition of the outer layer of the Schwann cells membrane
Published	07/30/2024	areas where Schwann cell cytoplasm interrupts the compactness of the myelin
Published	07/30/2024	were thought of as artifacts, but are potential way of sending nutrients to myelinated areas
Published	07/30/2024	outer covering of a myelinated nerve fiber
Published	07/30/2024	Several nerve fibers
Published	07/30/2024	outer covering of nerve fascicle
Published	07/30/2024	Several nerve fascicles
Published	07/30/2024	outer covering of nerve trunk (multiple fascicles)
Published	07/30/2024	venule located in/near a nerve structure
Published	07/30/2024	The synapses in the nervous system are primarily?
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Synapses
Published	07/30/2024	contains mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters
Published	07/30/2024	contains mitochondria, receptors, post-synaptic web
Published	07/30/2024	maintains cohesion of synaptic surfaces
Published	07/30/2024	axosomatic ; also called myoneural junction
Published	07/30/2024	inward invaginations that increase surface area for the neurotransmitters to combine with receptors
Published	07/30/2024	Which are the only synapses with Secondary synaptic cleft / Junctional Folds
Published	07/30/2024	autoimmune disease ; produces antibodies against own receptors in the NMJ (specifically in eye muscles )
Published	07/30/2024	Myasthenia Gravis manifestation
Published	07/30/2024	for the detection of changes in the internal and external environments
Published	07/30/2024	ability to translate stimulus into nerve impulses that would be recognized by cells and the CNS
Published	07/30/2024	3 main types of receptors
Published	07/30/2024	Receptors for Stretching and Pain
Published	07/30/2024	Receptors for ● Orientation● Skeletal Position● Muscle Tension● Movement
Published	07/30/2024	Example of proprioceptors
Published	07/30/2024	What type of receptors are these?● Free nerve endings● Receptors● Meissner’s corpuscle● Ruffini’s end organ● Vater Pacinian corpuscle● End bulb of Kra…
Published	07/30/2024	Exteroceptors in Epithelium
Published	07/30/2024	○ slow-adapting receptors○ discriminatory touch and pressure
Published	07/30/2024	Consist of sensory dendrites that may be stimulated by a variety of stimuliVery versatile ; can subserve any modalityTouch, thermal sense, pain, press…
Published	07/30/2024	Fast Pain (sharp) fibers and cold perception
Published	07/30/2024	Vague Pain fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Exteroceptors in Connective Tissues
Published	07/30/2024	fast-adapting mechanoreceptorsencapsulated, elongatedfound in the papillary dermisdiscriminatory touch (two-point tactile discrimination) and vibratio…
Published	07/30/2024	○ fast-adapting receptor○ encapsulated○ found in deeper regions of the skin (dermis)○ for rapid vibration and pressure sensing○ cross-section: shaped …
Published	07/30/2024	○ slow-adapting; detects tension and heat○ in deep skin, soles
Published	07/30/2024	○ encapsulated○ found in oropharynx and conjunctiva○ detects cold
Published	07/30/2024	regulates muscle tone and made up of specialized muscle fibers called Intrafusal muscle fibers
Published	07/30/2024	sensory receptor in skeletal muscle→ non-striated portion
Published	07/30/2024	sensory receptor in skeletal muscle→ striated portion
Published	07/30/2024	form nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Intrafusal muscle fibers respond to
Published	07/30/2024	contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers
Published	07/30/2024	part of neurological exam; tests normal function of neuromuscular spindle
Published	07/30/2024	Ordinary skeletal muscle has? (proprioceptor)
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter is non-basophilic
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter is basophilic
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter has myelinated nerve fibers
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter contains nerve cell bodies and proximal processes
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter has protoplasmic astrocytes
Published	07/30/2024	Which spinal cord matter has Fibrous astrocytes and oligodendroglia
Published	07/30/2024	○ multipolar in shape○ big Nissl bodies○ motor in function
Published	07/30/2024	● Fisheye or Owl’s eye pattern● Dark staining nucleolus● Vesicular nucleus● Nissl Bodies (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
Published	07/30/2024	○ rounded shape○ numerous satellite cells (amphicytes)○ fine Nissl bodies uniformly dispersed○ fisheye or owl’s eye nucleus associated with myelinated…
Published	07/30/2024	● myelinated fibers● numerous satellite cells / amphicytes / capsule cells● Nissl bodies are uniformly dispersed● sensory
Published	07/30/2024	● unmyelinated fibers● fewer amphicytes● Nissl bodies are more concentrated at peripheral cytoplasm● motor
Published	07/30/2024	What structure in the perikaryon is absent in axon hillock and axon?
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the structure pointed by the red arrow:
Published	07/30/2024	Describe the cells shown in the picture:a. Bipolarb. Multipolarc. Pyramidald. Pseudounipolar
Published	07/30/2024	Which part of the nerve fiber functions for saltatory conduction: a, b, c, or d?
Published	07/30/2024	What feature distinguishes a dendrite from an axon?a. Gemmulesb. Longerc. Less branchingd. Presence of myelin
Published	07/30/2024	What protein is important for retrograde transport?
Published	07/30/2024	What organelle can be seen in both pre- and post-synaptic regions of a synapse?
Published	07/30/2024	Why nervous cells the only basophilic cells among other cells of the body?
Published	07/30/2024	Ratio of axons to dendrites
Published	07/30/2024	Why are neurons susceptible to damage from hypoxia and low blood-sugar
Published	07/30/2024	What part of the neuron does not make proteins
Published	07/30/2024	Which organelle assists axoplasmic transport
Published	07/30/2024	Which virus only uses retrograde transport
Published	07/30/2024	Which virus uses both anterograde/orthograde transport and retrograde transport
Published	07/30/2024	Which type of neuron according to number of processes does not have axosomatic synapses
Published	07/30/2024	First order neurons are usually what type of neuron according to number of processes
Published	07/30/2024	Where can you find autonomic ganglion cells
Published	07/30/2024	Oligodendroglia can myelinate up to how many internodes
Published	07/30/2024	Neurolemma other names
Published	07/30/2024	Which are thicker, major dense lines or intraperiod lines
Published	07/30/2024	Which nerve covering has collagen and vessels
Published	07/30/2024	Action potentials are (direction)
Published	07/30/2024	Synapses are (direction)
Published	07/30/2024	Most common type of synaps: {{c1::Axodendritic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Where are secretory vesicles located
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