Notes in 05_Kidney Stones

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Kidney stones}} are {{c2::hard stones that form in the renal pelvis, where the urine collects before travelling down the ureters.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Two key complications of Kidney stones are {{c1::Obstruction}} leading to AKI {{c1::Infection}} with obstructive pyelonephritis
Published	02/10/2024	Types of Kidney stones:{{c1::Calcium}}{{c1::Uric acid}}{{c1::Struvite}}{{c1::Cystine}}
Published	02/10/2024	Having a {{c1::raised (hypercalcaemia)}} serum calcium and a {{c1::low}} urine output are key risk factors for calcium collec…
Published	02/10/2024	There are two types of calcium stones: {{c1::Calcium oxalate}} (more common) {{c1::Calcium phosphate}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Uric acid}} kidney stones are not visible on x-ray
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Struvite}} kidney stones are produced by bacteria and are associated with infection
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Cystine}} kidney stones are associated with an autosomal recessive disease
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Calcium}}-based stones are the most common type of kidney stone (about 80%)
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Kidney stones}} {{c1::Renal colic}} {{c1::Haematuria}} {{c1::Nausea or vomiting}} {{c1::Reduced urine output}} {{c1::Symptoms of…
Published	02/10/2024	The presenting complaint in symptomatic kidney stones is {{c1::renal colic}}
Published	02/10/2024	A {{c1::staghorn calculus}} is where the stone forms in the shape of the renal pelvis, giving it a similar appearance to the antlers of a deer st…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Hypercalcaemia}}“{{c1::renal stones}}, {{c1::painful bones}}, {{c1::abdominal groans}} and {{c1::psychiatric…
Published	02/10/2024	The three causes of Hypercalcaemia to remember are {{c1::calcium supplementation}}, {{c1::hyperparathyroidism}} and {{c1::cancer (e.g., myeloma, breas…
Published	02/10/2024	The initial investigation of choice for diagnosing Kidney stones is {{c1::Non-contrast computer tomography (CT) of the kidneys, ureters…
Published	02/10/2024	Urine dipstick usually shows {{c1::haematuria}} in cases of kidney stones
Published	02/10/2024	An abdominal x-ray can show {{c1::calcium}}-based stones, but {{c1::uric acid}}-based stones will not show up (they are radiolucent).
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ultrasound KUB}} is a less preferred alternative test to CT KUB for Kidney stones,but is used for pregnant women and children.
Published	02/10/2024	When is watchful waiting indicated in kidney stones? (i.e. size){{c1::Watchful waiting is usually indicated in kidney stones less than 5mm, as there i…
Published	02/10/2024	When is surgery indicated in kidney stones? (i.e. size){{c1::Surgical interventions are required in large stones (10mm or larger)}}
Published	02/10/2024	The first-line surgery for Kidney stones is {{c1::Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Kidney Stones{{c1::Analgesia e.g. NSAIDs or paracetamol}}{{c1::Antiemetics e.g. metoclopramide, prochlorperazine or cyclizine}}{{c1::Ant…
Published	02/10/2024	NICE guidelines recommend advising patients with recurrent stones to: (Dietary Changes) {{c1::Increase oral fluid intake (2.5 – 3 litres per day)}} {{…
Published	02/10/2024	For calcium stones – reduce the intake of {{c1::oxalate}}-rich foods  (e.g., spinach, beetroot, nuts, rhubarb and black tea)
Published	02/10/2024	For uric acid stones – reduce the intake of {{c1::purine}}-rich foods  (e.g., kidney, liver, anchovies, sardines and spinach)
Published	02/10/2024	Two medications that may be used to reduce the risk of recurrent stones are {{c1::Potassium citrate}} in patients with calcium oxalate stones and…
Published	02/10/2024	First line surgical treatment of renal and ureteric calculi < 2cm{{c1::Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Standard treatment for lower {{c2::ureteric}} stones is {{c1::Rigid ureteroscopy}}
Published	02/10/2024	If patients present with a stone that is small (<5mm) and is located not too distantly from the bladder then the most appropriate management is&nbs…
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