Notes in Immune Response

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Published	09/08/2023	immune system- immune response can identify a threat, mount an attack, eliminate a pathogen, and develop mechanisms to remember the offender in case y…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Hematopoiesis}} is the process of forming white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets- primarily takes place in {{c2::bone marrow}}- start…
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Published	10/05/2023	neutrophilsduring immune response, bone marrow produces lots of cells, many of which are {{c1::neutrophils}} → {{c1::neutrophils}} use {{c3::phagocyto…
Published	09/03/2023	monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells- all phagocytic cells that gobble up pathogens, present {{c1::antigens}}, and release {{c2::cytokines}}*{…
Published	10/05/2023	antigen presentation- connects the innate and adaptive immune systems - can be done by APCs: {{c6::dendritic cells}}, {{c6::macrophages}}, {{c6::…
Published	09/07/2023	lymphocytes- B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cellsB and T cells → {{c1::adaptive}} immune responseNK cells → {{c2:innate}} immune response&nbs…
Published	10/05/2023	B cells (lymphocyte)- have a receptor on their surface that allows them to only bind to an antigen that has a very specific shape, but do not need ant…
Published	09/07/2023	Example complete immune response with bacterial pathogen in lungs:1. Bacteria has to be breathed in, slip by nose hairs, pass cilia in airways, and pe…
Published	10/05/2023	Innate immune system- if pathogen gets in, immune system kicks in and usually starts with macrophage- {{c1::macrophages}} eat up dead and dying c…
Published	10/05/2023	toll-like receptors (TLRs)- most important group of {{c1::signaling}} PRRs- {{c2::single}} polypeptide chains and each one makes a single pass through…
Published	09/07/2023	phagolysosomes- contain 2 types of granules  {{c6::specific}} granules- work first- have {{c1::proteases}} and {{c1::hydrolases}} which…
Published	09/07/2023	innate immunity is...- {{c3::fast}}: immediate responsebecause uses pre-{{c6::formed}}/easily activated effector molecules no {{c7::priming}} n…
Published	09/07/2023	pathogen recognitionvirus- viral genomes- viral replicative intermediates (ds{{c6::RNA}})bacteria- bacterial DNA with unmethylated {{c5::CpG}} motifs-…
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Published	09/07/2023	antibiotics might wipe commensal gut {{c1::microbiota}} → could given more pathogenic bacteria foothold → produce toxins → mucosal injury
Published	09/07/2023	innate immune cells- macrophages: mature {{c2::monocytes}} in tissue - {{c2::monocytes}}: circulating immature macrophages - neutrophils: fight {…
Published	09/07/2023	innate immune response overview:1. pathogen recognition2. {{c1::inflammation}}3. pathogen destruction → by antimicrobial peptides &nbsp…
Published	09/07/2023	TLRs are found on {{c3::macrophage}} and {{c4::natural killer}} cell surfaces-  some are only in endosomes, some are on human cell surface- …
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Published	09/07/2023	right under skin/gut {{c1::epithelial}} surface, all immune cells are present and ready to respond
Published	09/07/2023	Phagocytic cells of immune system- {{c1::neutrophils}}only innate response- {{c2::macrophages}}both innate and adaptive response - {{c2::dendri…
Published	09/07/2023	B cells and T cells are only in {{c1::adaptive}} immune response
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Published	09/07/2023	granulocytes:- mast cells, eosinophils & basophils often act together*mast cell {{c1::degranuation}} → inflammatory response that calls in other c…
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Published	09/07/2023	“Professional” antigen presenting cells (APCs) of immune system1. {{c3::macrophage}}2. {{c4::dendritic}} cell: good at non-specific {{c1::ma…
Published	09/07/2023	hematopoietic lineage: myeloid vs. lymphoid overview (FYI only)
Published	09/07/2023	lymphoid organs- {{c2::primary}} lymphoid tissue ({{c2::central}} lymphoid organs) are {{c4::bone marrow}} & {{c5::thymus}}→ {{c4::bone marro…
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Published	09/07/2023	Breach of physical/chemical/microbiological barriers → resident cells (mostly driven by {{c8::macrophages}}) secrete {{c9::cytokines}} → an innate imm…
Published	09/07/2023	macrophage- perform {{c1::phagocytosis}} and killing of bacteria and fungi- directs {{c2::inflammation}} via cytokine production*cytokines direct immu…
Published	09/07/2023	neutrophils- normally in {{c1::blood}} when nothing is wrong *move into {{c1::tissue}} when something is wrong - does the following: diapedesis &…
Published	09/07/2023	initiation of adaptive immune response1. dendritic cell carrying {{c1::antigen}} (red) enters lymph node via lymph2. naïve T-cells & B-cells enter…
Published	09/07/2023	some activated B cells sit in lymph node and secrete Ig{{c3::M}} into circulation to fight pathogen→ some will move back to B cell area and undergo {{…
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Published	09/07/2023	Activated lymphocytes produce...→ {{c2::effector}} cells (fight infection now) → {{c1::long-lived}} & {{c1::memory}} cells (fight infections later…
Published	09/07/2023	antigen recognition- T-cell receptors recognize antigen {{c1::fragments}}*{{c5::MHC}} molecules present antigen {{c1::fragments}} to T cells…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c2::Major Histocompatibility Complex}} (MHC) molecules present antigen {{c1::fragments}} to T-cells- vrius-infected epithelial cell can present anti…
Published	09/07/2023	CD4+ T cell receptor must bind two things:→ {{c2::antigen}} itself→ {{c1::MHC class II}}*also must bind a {{c6::coreceptor}} for stabilization- CD{{c3…
Published	09/07/2023	2 classes of MHCs:- MHC class II  & MHC class I molecules have distinct, but related, functions and are structurally similar*CD4 and CD8 are …
Published	09/07/2023	Generation of antigen peptide fragments for MHC presentation- MHC class II presents pathogen derived from outside of cell (exogenous antigen) via a ve…
Published	09/07/2023	TAP-transported peptides are loaded into the MHC class I binding groove are may be {{c1::trimmed}} for better fit and more stable binding
Published	09/07/2023	Site of pathogen/antigen entry will determine site of antigen {{c1::presentation}}...→ entry through {{c6::skin/respiratory tract}}: antigen presented…
Published	10/05/2023	Immune responses are effected by {{c1::hematopoietic}} cells (mostly). An {{c2::innate}} immune response comes first → FAST but without memory An ada…
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