Notes in Tumors

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	12/09/2024	Intraaxial vs Extraaxial vs Intraventricular {{c1::Intraaxial}} - within the {{c2::brain parenchyma}} {{c1::Extraaxial}} - from t…
Published	12/09/2024	Supratentorial vs Infratentorial vs Spinal{{c1::Spinal cord}}- intraparenchymal in spinal cord is called intramedullary{{c1::Infratentorial}}&nbsp…
Published	12/09/2024	Intracranial vs Extracranial {{c1::Intracranial}} - inside the skull {{c1::Extracranial}} - outside the skull  …
Published	12/09/2024	Effect of age on tumors  ○ 70% {{c1::pediatric}} tumors occur at {{c2::posterior fossa}} ○ 70% {{c2::}}adult tumors is located …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Glioma - Astrocytoma}} Most common group of primary brain tumor Two major groups of astrocytoma {{c3::Diffuse infiltra…
Published	12/09/2024	Diffuse Infiltrating Astrocytoma ● {{c1::80%::%}} of primary brain tumors in adults ● Most common site: {{c2::cerebral hemispheres}}, may occur …
Published	12/09/2024	Diffuse Infiltrating AstrocytomaNew onset disease: {{c1::Primary glioblastoma}}; common in older peopleCommonly IDH-wild type, WHO Grade {{c2::I…
Published	12/09/2024	Diffuse Infiltrating Astrocytoma Progression from low-grade astrocytomas: {{c1::Secondary glioblastoma}}, common in younger patient…
Published	12/09/2024	Mutations lead to: Evasion of senescence ({{c1::telomere lengthening}} or {{c1::telomerase}} mutations) Escape from normal growth contr…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Diffuse Astrocytoma}} ● Poorly defined, gray, infiltrative tumors that expand and distort brain parenchyma ● Commonly ill-defined margins…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Anaplastic Astrocytoma}} ● Similar appearance to diffuse astrocytoma, more densely cellular, readily detectable mitoses
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Glioblastoma}} ● Features of {{c2::anaplastic astrocytoma}} + {{c2::NECROSIS}} and/or {{c3::MICROVASCULAR PROLIFERATION}} ○ Necrosis follows…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0803:top=.6678:width=.33:height=.0522:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0876:top=.8187:width=.6845:height=.0484:…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4696:top=.7064:width=.2431:height=.0723:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0991:top=.8911:width=.2836:height=.042…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2467:top=.7226:width=.6918:height=.0758:oi=1}}
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}} Best prognosis among glial tumors {{c3::5-15%::%}} of gliomas, most common in {{c2::4th or 5th}} DOL(decades of lif…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}}  {{c2::IDH}}-mutation + {{c2::1p/19q}} codeletion Anaplastic oligodendroglioma: chromosome {{c3::9p}} loss …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}}  {{c2::IDH}}-mutation + {{c2::1p/19q}} codeletion Anaplastic oligodendroglioma: chromosome {{c3::9p}} loss …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}} Gross: gelatinous, gray masses, often with cysts, focal hemorrhage, and calcification. Microscopic: sheets of re…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}} Delicate network of anastomosing capillaries - "chicken wire" appearance
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}} Calcifications in 90% of tumors ●{{c2::Perineuronal satellitosis}}: infiltrating tumor cells collect around neu…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Anaplastic oligodendroglioma}} (WHO Grade III) - higher cell density, nuclear anaplasia, increased mitotic activity, and occasionally…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Pilocytic Astrocytoma}} WHO {{c2::Grade 1}} tumor More discrete borders, relatively benign behavior, unique histopathologic and molec…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Pilocytic Astrocytoma}} Genetic alteration of {{c2::MAP kinase}} pathway (Most common: KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion/ duplication) ● &nb…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Pilocytic Astrocytoma}} Microscopic: only limited brain invasion, often biphasic architecture combining loose "microcystic" and compact…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Pilocytic Astrocytoma}} Tumor is composed of bipolar cells with long, thin "hairlike" processes that are {{c2::GFAP}}-positive and form…
Published	12/09/2024	Pilocytic Astrocytoma (+) {{c1::Rosenthal}} fibers (eosinophilic corkscrew-shaped inclusions) and {{c2::eosinophilic granular bodies}} (mulber…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Ependymoma}}Mostly WHO Grade {{c2::2}} lesions1st-2nd DOL: 4th ventricle , 5-10% of brain tumorsAdults: spinal cord, frequent in the setting…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Ependymoma}} {{c2::NF2}} gene in the chromosome {{c2::22}} for spinal ependydomas Distinct mutations for ependydomas along different…
Published	12/09/2024	Ependymoma {{c1::Perivascular pseudorosettes}} - perivascular nuclear-free zone of thin ependymal processes radiating towards central blo…
Published	12/09/2024	Ependymoma {{c1::True rosettes}} - glandlike round or elongated structures resembling embryonic ependymal canal
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Anaplastic}} ependymoma (WHO Grade 3); increased cell density high mitotic rates areas of palisading necrosis and/or microvasc…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Myxopapillary ependymoma}} (WHO Grade 1): filum terminale of SC, cuboidal tumor cells arranged in a variably papillary architecture aro…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Subependymoma}} (WHO Grade 1): solid,sometimes {{c2::calcified}}, slow-growing nodules usually found protruding into the lateral or…
Published	12/09/2024	CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS Choroid Plexus {{c1::papilloma}}:  presents with obstructive hydrocephalus epithelioid tumor cells cover…
Published	12/09/2024	Neuronal and Glioneuronal tumors ● Found in young children and adults with {{c1::epilepsy}}
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Ganglioglioma}} Most common neuronal tumor of CNS Mixture of mature {{c2::neuronal}} and {{c2::glial}} cells; slowly growing
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Ganglioglioma}} Superficial lesions presenting clinically as {{c2::seizures}} ●  20-50% with activating {{c2::BRAF}} gene mutati…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Ganglioglioma}} Irregularly clustered cells with random orientation of processes, dysmorphic and/or binucleate forms present
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor}} (WHO Grade 1) ● Typically located along {{c2::superficial temporal lobe}} ● Form multiple discrete,…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Embryonal neoplasm: Medulloblastoma}} Occurs predominantly in children Exclusive in the cerebellum WHO Grade {{c2::4}} tumor&nbs…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Embryonal neoplasm: Medulloblastoma}} Alterations in signal pathway for cerebellar development {{c2::Sonic hedgehog patched (SHH…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Embryonal neoplasm: Medulloblastoma}} Gross: Well circumscribed, gray, and friable May extend to the surface of the cerebel…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Medulloblastoma }} Very densely cellular tumor forming sheetsIndividual tumor cells have: Scant cytoplasmHyperchromatic nucl…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Medulloblastoma }} Classic Subtype ●  (+) Homer-Wright Rosettes ●  (+) Neuronal markers (e.g. synaptophysin)&n…
Published	12/09/2024	Medulloblastoma {{c1::Desmoplastic/Nodular }}Variant ●  Internodular areas of stromal response, marked by collagen and reti…
Published	12/09/2024	Medulloblastoma {{c1::Large Cell/Anaplastic}} Variant ●  Large and irregular vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, cell wra…
Published	12/09/2024	Medulloblastoma Common complication: {{c1::Dissemination through the CSF}} ○ Give rise to extensive growth along the surface likened to…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Primary CNS Lymphoma}} Most common CNS tumor in {{c2::immunosuppressed}} Often multifocal and may also involve the {{c3::eye}…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Meningioma}} Predominantly benign tumors of adults arising from meningothelial cells of arachnoid, usually attached to the dura Ris…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4465:top=.2547:width=.1505:height=.2093:oi=1}}
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7431:top=.2601:width=.1954:height=.212:oi=1}}
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Meningothelial}} Most common variantLobulated architecture, often contains meningothelial {{c3::whorls}} Syncytial cells with indistinct …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Angiomatous}} >50% vascular component Further divided into microvascular and macrovascular variants Ki-67 index: ~2% No rec…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Fibroblastic}} ● Spindle cell neoplasm with few or no meningothelial nests or whorls ● Often has thick bundles of {{c2::collagen}} ● Resemb…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Lymphoplasmacyte rich}} ● <1% of meningiomas ● Extensive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate overshadowing inconspicuous meningothelial com…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Metaplastic}} Rare, < 1% of meningiomas May contain foci of bone, cartilage, fat, or xanthomatous morphology  …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Microcystic}} Cells have elongated processes and vacuolated cytoplasm that resembles {{c2::microcysts}} May have prominent nu…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Psammomatous}} Found in spinal regions Numerous psammomatous bodies Intervening meningothelial cells are scant
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Secretory}} Eosinophilic round secretions (pseudo psammoma bodies) positive for CEA and PAS Genetically characterized by combined {…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Transitional}} Mixed {{c2::meningothelial}} and {{c2::fibroblastic}} features Usually prominent whorls, psammoma bodies and cluster…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Atypical}} Any Grade1 meningioma histology Diagnostic criteria: fulfilling either {{c2::1}} of 2 major criteria OR {{c2::3}} of 5 m…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Clear cell}} WHO Grade 2 Patternless arrangement of clear cells with sometimes distinct cell borders
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Chordoid}} ● Reminiscent of {{c2::chordoma}}, consisting of epithelioid cells or spindle cells (often partly vacuolated) that are arran…
Published	12/09/2024	●{{c1::Anaplastic }}Frank malignant cytology resembling a carcinoma, melanoma or high grade sarcoma
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Papillary}} ● {{c1::Papillary}} structures are best appreciated at edges of tumor; may be focal but at least {{c2::50%}} of tum…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Rhabdoid}} WHO Grade {{c2::3}} Sheets of loosely cohesive cells with eccentric nuclei and hyaline, paranuclear inclusions Nuclei…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Metastatic Tumor}} Account for approximately 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 of intracranial tumors in hospitalized patients Mostly carcinomas ○ Most…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Paraneoplastic Syndromes}} ● Group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system has a reaction to a cancerous tumor  …
Published	12/09/2024	Paraneoplastic Syndromes ○ {{c1:: CNS}} examples: Subacute cerebellar degeneration Limbic encephalitis Eye movement di…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Subacute Cellular Degeneration}} Associated with destruction of Purkinje cells, gliosis, and a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Limbic Encephalitis}} Characterized by {{c2::subacute dementia}} Perivascular inflammatory cuffs, microglial nodules, some neuronal…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Eye movement disorders}} Most commonly {{c2::opsoclonus}} May occur singly or in association with other evidence of cerebellar and …
Published	12/09/2024	Familial Tumor Syndromes{{c1::Neurofibromatosis}}NF1 VS NF2Autosomal dominant syndromes characterized by tumors of the peripheral and central nervous …
Published	12/09/2024	NF1 Most common; 1 in 3000 Mutation in {{c1::neurofibromin}} gene in {{c2::chromosome 17}} Neurofibroma of peripheral nerves, Glioma of op…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Schwannomatosis}} Same rate of incidence as NF2 Multiple nonvestibular schwannomas
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Tuberous Sclerosis Complex}} Autosomal dominant inheritance, 1 in 6000 births {{c1::Hamartomas}} and {{c1::benign neoplasms}} invol…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Tuberous Sclerosis Complex}} Morphology: "{{c2::Candle-gutterings}}" ○ Small wax like masses that bulge into the ventricular …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Von-Hippel Lindau Disease}} Autosomal dominant inheritance, 1 in 30000 to 40000 births Associated with hemangioblastomas of CNS; r…
Status	Last Update	Fields