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Published 04/08/2024 Burkitt lymphoma classically presents as an extranodal mass in a(n) {{c1::child::age group}} or {{c1::young adult::age group}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell): Identify:[sound:01 Apex, Normal S1 S2, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Single S1 S2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:02 Apex, Split S1, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Split S1}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:04 Apex, Mid Sys Click, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Mid-systolic click}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:06 Apex, Early Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Early systolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:07 Apex, Mid Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Mid-systolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:08 Apex, Late Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Late systolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:09 Apex, Holo Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Holosystolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:03 Apex, S4, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::S4 gallop}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:05 Apex, S3, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::S3 gallop}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:10 Apex, Sys Click Late Sys Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Systolic click with late systolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:11 Apex, S4 Mid Sys Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::S4 and mid-systolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:12 Apex, S3 Holo Sys Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::S3 and holosystolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:13 Apex, OS Dias Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Mitral opening snap and diastolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:14 Aortic, Normal S1 S2, Sitting, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Normal S1 and S2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:15 Aortic, Sys Mur Absent S2, Sitting, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Systolic murmur with absent S2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:16 Aortic, Early Dias Mur, Sitting, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Early diastolic murmur}}
Published 04/09/2024 Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:17 Aortic, Sys Dias Mur, Sitting, Bell.mp3]{{c1::Combined systolic and diastolic murmurs}}
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:18 Pulm, Single S2, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Single S2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:19 Pulm, Spilt S2 Persistent, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Split S2 Persistent}}
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:20 Pulm, Spilt S2 Transient, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Split S2 Transient}}
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:21 Pulm, Eject Sys Mur Trans Split S2, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Ejection systolic murmur with transi…
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:22 Pulm, Split S2 Eject Sys Mur, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Systolic ejection murmur with persistent s…
Published 04/09/2024 Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:23 Pulm, Eject Sys Mur Single S2 Eject Click, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Ejection systolic murmur wit…
Published 04/09/2024 A(n) {{c1::sinonasal papilloma}} is a benign tumor of the squamous mucosa of the sinuses that is thought to be due to HPV infection
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Laryngeal papillomas}} are benign papillary squamous proliferations commonly found on the {{c1::true}} vocal cords; they are associated with HPV…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Koilocytes}} have characteristic {{c2::perinuclear}} halos that are hallmarks of {{c3::HPV}} infections
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Levothyroxine}} is a recombinant form of T4 that serves as a thyroxine replacement. It has agonist action at thyroid hormone receptors
Published 04/09/2024 Condyloma acuminata is most commonly caused by {{c1::HPV6 or HPV11::2}}
Published 04/09/2024 What types of HPV are the cause of HPV-related vulvar carcinoma?{{c1::High risk HPVs (16, 18, 31, 33)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which type of vulvar carcinoma is typically seen in women of reproductive age?{{c1::HPV}}-related
Published 04/09/2024 What is the most common cause of vaginal carcinoma?{{c1::High-risk HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33)}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)}} is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the …
Published 04/09/2024 What are the most common types of high-risk HPV?{{c1::HPV16, HPV18::2}}
Published 04/09/2024 What are the most common types of low-risk HPV?{{c1::HPV6, HPV11}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the most common type of cervical carcinoma?{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma (80%)}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the gold standard procedure for screening for cervical carcinoma?{{c1::Pap smear}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which major subtypes of HPV are covered by the current vaccine (Gardasil 9)?{{c1::HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33::x6}}
Published 04/09/2024 What are the 4 most common causes of CIN and cervical carcinoma?{{c1::HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 (high risk HPV)}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 42-44?{{c1::Low}}
Published 04/09/2024 What urogenital disorder is associated with low-risk HPV subtypes?{{c1::Condylomas/warts}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Koilocytes}} are a cytologic feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a 'raisin-like' shape
Published 04/09/2024 What is the most common risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?{{c1::High-risk HPV [16, 18, 31, 33] (66% of cases)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Besides high-risk HPV, what is the second most major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?{{c1::Lack of circumcision and poorly mainta…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Verruca (warts)}} are soft, flesh-colored, cauliflower-like papules that appear on the skin due to HPV infection of keratinocytes
Published 04/09/2024 What is the cause of verruca (warts)?{{c1::HPV 1-4::Specific}} infection of {{c1::keratinocytes}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)}} is an autosomal trisomy that is associated with rocker-bottom feet and {{c2::microphthalmia::eyes}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)}} is an autosomal trisomy that is associated with {{c2::cleft lip::face}} and {{c2::cleft palate::face}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes?{{c1::Giemsa}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which selective culture medium/agar is used to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis?{{c1::Thayer-Martin (VPN) medium::2 names}…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Rickettsia spp.}}, {{c2::Chlamydia spp.}}, and Coxiella are obligate intracellular, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their o…
Published 04/09/2024 What is the urease expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis?{{c1::Positive}}
Published 04/09/2024 Staphylococcus saprophyticus is urease {{c1::positive::positive or negative}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the novobiocin sensitivity of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?{{c1::Resistant}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the novobiocin sensitivity of Staphylococcus epidermidis?{{c1::Sensitive}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Preformed enterotoxins::Which exotoxin}} from {{c2::Staphylococcus aureus}} causes {{c3::rapid::rapid or slow}}-onset food poisoning
Published 04/09/2024 Which Staphylococcus species is the 2nd most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young females?{{c1::Staphylococcus saprophyticus}}
Published 04/09/2024 Where in the body are Group D Streptococci normally found?{{c1::Colon (GI) and urogenital (GU)::2}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Subacute endocarditis}} is a cardiac complication caused by {{c3::group D Streptococci (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium)}} follow…
Published 04/09/2024 Which toxin from Clostridium tetani causes tetanus?{{c1::Tetanospasmin}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Granulomatosis infantiseptica}} is a complication of {{c2::Listeria monocytogenes}} infection in neonates that involves the formation of dissemi…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Pott disease}} is a possible complication of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves spread of infection to {{c2::vertebral bodies}}
Published 04/09/2024 What color colonies do lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on MacConkey agar?{{c1::Pink}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which Neisseria species ferments glucose and maltose?{{c1::Neisseria meningitidis}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::IgA protease}} is a protein secreted by Neisseria spp. that functions to cleave secreted host Ig{{c2::A}} at its {{c2::hinge}} region
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Neisseria gonorrhoeae::Which species of Neisseria}} is often found intracellularly in {{c2::neutrophils (PMNs)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Neisseria {{c1::meningitidis}} has a polysaccharide capsule, which inhibits {{c2::phagocytosis}}
Published 04/09/2024 Neisseria {{c1::gonorrhoeae}} has no {{c3::vaccine}} due to rapid antigenic variation of {{c2::pilus}} proteins
Published 04/09/2024 Which serotype of Neisseria meningitidis, up until 2014, lacked a vaccine?{{c1::Type B}}
Published 04/09/2024 Neisseria {{c2::meningitidis}} is transmitted via {{c1::respiratory}} and {{c1::oral}} secretions
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome}} is a rare complication of {{c3::pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)}} that involves inflammation of the {{c2::liver}} …
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Neonatal conjunctivitis}} due to {{c2::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}} infection during childbirth occurs {{c3::early::early/late}} ({{c3::2}}-{{c3::5}}…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Septic arthritis}}, most commonly of the {{c1::knee}}, is a musculoskeletal complication of Neisseria {{c2::gonorrhoeae}} infection
Published 04/09/2024 What is the treatment for Neisseria meningitidis?{{c1::Ceftriaxone}} or {{c2::penicillin G}}
Published 04/09/2024 What organism causes relapsing fever?{{c1::Borrelia recurrentis}}
Published 04/09/2024 How is relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) transmitted?{{c1::Louse}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which pet animals are especially associated with Campylobacter infection?{{c1::Puppies}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Q fever}} is a Rickettsial-like disease that can be obtained via aerosolized spores released from livestock amniotic fluid
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Q fever}} is a rickettsial-like disorder caused by Coxiella burnetii that presents as pneumonia
Published 04/09/2024 Which serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with neonatal conjunctivitis?{{c1::D-K}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Mucormycosis}} is an opportunistic fungal infection that is mostly seen in DKA and leukemic patients
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Mucormycosis}} is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with headache, facial pain, and a black necrotic eschar on the face
Published 04/09/2024 What medication(s) is/are first-line for prophylaxis and treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?{{c1::TMP-SMX}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Toxoplasmosis}} is a CNS protozoal infection that presents with brain abscesses in {{c2::immunocompromised (e.g. HIV)}} patients; seen as ring-e…
Published 04/09/2024 Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from East Africa?{{c1::Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from West Africa?{{c1::Trypanosoma brucei gambiense}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::African sleeping sickness}} is a CNS protozoal infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that is diagnosed by a blood smear
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Trypanosoma cruzi}} is the etiology of {{c2::Chagas disease}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Chagas}} disease is a visceral protozoal infection that presents with {{c2::dilated}} cardiomyopathy, mega{{c3::colon}}, and mega{{c3::esophagus…
Published 04/09/2024 Where (geographically) does Chagas disease predominantly occur?{{c1::South America}}
Published 04/09/2024 How is Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) transmitted?{{c1::Reduviid bug feces (AKA "kissing bug")}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Chagas disease}} is a visceral protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of {{c2::Trypanosoma cruzi::bug}} on a(n) {{c3::periph…
Published 04/09/2024 What pathogen is the most common etiology of infectious mononucleosis?{{c1::EBV}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Infectious mononucleosis}} due to EBV virus infection presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Infectious mononucleosis}} is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly referred to as "kissing disease" as it is often seen in teens and yo…
Published 04/09/2024 Which herpesvirus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?{{c1::EBV (HHV-4)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which herpesvirus causes mononucleosis with a negative monospot test?{{c1::CMV (HHV-5)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which herpesvirus is associated with causing retinitis in immunocompromised patients?{{c1::CMV}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which herpesvirus is associated with characteristic owl's eye inclusions in infected cells?{{c1::CMV (HHV-5)}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::CMV}} is a herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells
Published 04/09/2024 Which serological antigen from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is produced if the infection is active and productive?{{c1::Viral capsid antigen (VCA)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which serological antigen from EBV is seen in latent infection?{{c1::Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)}} is a serological antigen from EBV that contributes to Hodgkin or Burkitt lymphoma
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::CMV}} is a herpesvirus that causes retinitis in HIV patients that presents with cotton-wool spots on fundoscopy
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Esophagitis}} and {{c2::colitis}} are GI complications that are often seen alongside CMV retinitis in immunosuppressed patients
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Primary CNS lymphoma}} is a lymphoma often associated with EBV that can present as focal/solitary lesions, thereby differentiating it from toxop…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}} is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSMs) or the cervix
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Cytomegalovirus (CMV)}} is a herpesvirus that causes interstitial pneumonia in patients with HIV
Published 04/09/2024 Where on the body is Staphylococcus epidermidis found?{{c1::Skin}}
Published 04/09/2024 What food sources are associated with Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning?{{c1::Meats and cream-based food (e.g. mayonnaise, custard)}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::S. aureus and S. epidermidis::Which strains of bacteria (2)}} are associated with {{c2::osteomyelitis}} in patients that have received a prosthe…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae}}, {{c2::Escherichia coli}}, and {{c3::Listeria monocytogenes}} are bacteria that all cause meningitis in neonates
Published 04/09/2024 How is CMV transmitted?{{c1::Sexual contact}}; {{c2::organ transplant}}; {{c3::vertically through placenta}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Rubella}}, Toxoplasma, and {{c2::CMV}} are 3 ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a "blueberry muffin" rash
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::CMV}} is a ToRCHeS infection that presents with chorioretinitis, hearing loss, seizures, and petechial, "blueberry muffin" rash
Published 04/09/2024 Condyloma acuminata is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with {{c2::anogenital warts::gross pathology}} and {{c2::koilocytes::cellular path…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}} is an STI that presents with urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis, and a white, creamy purulent discharge
Published 04/09/2024 What is the etiological agent of syphilis?{{c1::Treponema pallidum}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which 2 bacteria are the most common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?{{c1::Chlamydia trachomatis}} (subacute; often undiagnosed); {{c2::Ne…
Published 04/09/2024 Which bacteria often causes subacute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and hence often goes undiagnosed?{{c1::Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)}} is a genitourinary disorder caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae that presents with pur…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}} is a gram-negative nosocomial bacterial infection that has respiratory therapy equipment as a risk factor
Published 04/09/2024 Which herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?{{c1::CMV (HHV-5)}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a GI complication of ampicillin use that results from overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile in the GI tract
Published 04/09/2024 Which 3rd generation cephalosporin is used to treat meningitis and gonorrhea?{{c1::Ceftriaxone}}
Published 04/09/2024 How do cephalosporin antibiotics influence the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?{{c1::Increase their toxicity}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by chloramphenicol?{{c1::50S}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the primary clinical use of tetracycline antibiotics?{{c1::Borrelia burgdorferiMycoplasma pneumoniaeRickettsia (intracellular bug)Chlamydiae (…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Tetracyclines}} are a class of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics that are effective against intracellular organisms by virtue of their ab…
Published 04/09/2024 What is the MOA of chloramphenicol?{{c1::Blocks peptidyl transferase at the 50S ribosomal subunit}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Anemia}} (dose-dependent) and {{c1::aplastic anemia}} (dose-independent) are hematological complications of chloramphenicol use
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Gray baby syndrome}} is a complication of chloramphenicol use in premature infants as they lack hepatic {{c2::UDP-glucuronosyltransferase}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the mechanism of chloramphenicol resistance?{{c1::Plasmid-encoded acetyltransferases that inactivate the drug}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a possible complication of clindamycin use due to resultant Clostridioides difficile overgrowth
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Fluoroquinolones}} are a class of antibiotics that can possibly cause leg cramps and myalgias along with cartilage damage
Published 04/09/2024 The treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is {{c1::ceftriaxone}} ± either {{c3::doxycycline::first-line}} or {{c2::azithromycin::second-line}} for confi…
Published 04/09/2024 What is the treatment for Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)?{{c1::Benznidazole > nifurtimox::2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which viral enzyme monophosphorylates acyclovir/famciclovir/valacyclovir, thereby activating it?{{c1::Thymidine kinase}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the mechanism of resistance to acyclovir / famciclovir / valacyclovir?{{c1::Mutated / absent thymidine kinase}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Foscarnet}} is an antiviral agent that acts as a viral {{c3::DNA polymerase}} inhibitor by binding to the {{c2::pyrophosphate}}-binding sit…
Published 04/09/2024 What is the mechanism of action of cidofovir?{{c1::Preferential direct inhibition of viral DNA polymerase}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Fluoroquinolones}} are a class of antibiotics that are avoided in pregnancy as they cause cartilage damage
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Chloramphenicol}} is an antibiotic that is avoided in pregnancy as it causes "gray baby" syndrome
Published 04/09/2024 Metoclopramide can cause {{c1::QT}} prolongation and induce {{c1::torsades de pointes}}
Published 04/09/2024 In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, the {{c3::αq-GTP}} complex activates phospholipase C, which then catalyzes the liberation of {…
Published 04/09/2024 In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, {{c1::Ca2+}} and {{c1::diacylglycerol (DAG)}} activate {{c2::protein kinase C}}, which phospho…
Published 04/09/2024 What hormone acts through a receptor guanylyl cyclase? {{c1::Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Newly synthesized cGMP (from guanylyl cyclase activity) activates {{c1::protein kinase G}}, which phosphorylates specific proteins responsible for phy…
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Nitric oxide synthase}} cleaves the amino acid {{c2::arginine}} into citrulline and nitric oxide
Published 04/09/2024 Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V1 receptor propagate its signal?{{c1::IP3/Ca2+}}
Published 04/09/2024 The primary regulation of aldosterone secretion occurs through changes in:- {{c1::ECF volume}} (via the {{c2::renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone}} …
Published 04/09/2024 Decreases in {{c2::ECF volume}} (e.g. hemorrhage or decreased Na+) cause a decrease in renal perfusion pressure, which in turn increases secretion of …
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Angiotensin II}} acts on the zona glomerulosa to stimulate aldosterone synthesis via increased activity of the enzyme {{c2::aldosterone synthase…
Published 04/09/2024 How does hyperkalemia influence aldosterone secretion?{{c1::Increased aldosterone secretion}}
Published 04/09/2024 Aldosterone increases {{c1::Na+}} and H2O reabsorption at the distal tubules and collecting duct
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Primary}} hyperaldosteronism is characterized by high aldosterone and {{c2::low}} renin
Published 04/09/2024 {{c3::PDE-5}} inhibitors such as {{c1::sildenafil (Viagra)}} cause decreased {{c2::cGMP}} breakdown, thus maintaining an erection
Published 04/09/2024 Marfan syndrome typically presents with subluxation of the lenses {{c1::upward::direction}} and {{c1::outward::direction}}
Published 04/09/2024 What is the mode of inheritance of Marfan syndrome?{{c1::Autosomal dominant}}
Published 04/09/2024 The rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle is called the {{c1::cardiac output}}
Published 04/09/2024 Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the {{c2::left atrium}} via the {{c1::pulmonary veins}}
Published 04/09/2024 Blood flows from the tissues to the systemic veins and ultimately the {{c1::vena cava}} before returning to the right atrium
Published 04/09/2024 Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the {{c1::tricuspid}} valve
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Arterioles}} are a type of blood vessel with the {{c2::highest}} resistance in the cardiovascular system
Published 04/09/2024 What type of receptor is found on the arterioles of skin, splanchnic, and renal circulation? {{c1::α1-adrenergic receptors}}
Published 04/09/2024 Veins are under {{c1::low}} pressure
Published 04/09/2024 What type of adrenergic receptor do veins have?{{c1::α1-adrenergic receptors}}
Published 04/09/2024 What equation may be used to calculate the velocity of blood flow (v) given the flow rate (Q)?{{c1::v = Q/A}}
Published 04/09/2024 What type of blood vessel has the lowest flow velocity? {{c1::Capillaries}}
Published 04/09/2024 Blood flow (Q) is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the resistance of blood vessels
Published 04/09/2024 The direction of blood flow is determined by the direction of the {{c1::pressure gradient}} and is always from high to low pressure
Published 04/09/2024 In Poiseuille's equation, resistance is {{c1::directly}} proportional to the {{c2::viscosity (η)}} of the blood
Published 04/09/2024 Resistance is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the {{c3::fourth}} power of the {{c2::radius}} of the blood vessel
Published 04/09/2024 The equation {{c2::Rtotal = R1 + R2 ...}} may be used to calculate the total resistance of a system arranged in {{c1::series}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which type of blood vessel causes the greatest decrease in pressure in a vascular system arranged in series? {{c1::Arterioles}}
Published 04/09/2024 What type of resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of blood vessels in systemic circulation?{{c1::Parallel resistance}}
Published 04/09/2024 When a blood vessel is added to a system in series, the total resistance {{c1::increases}}
Published 04/09/2024 When vessels are arranged in {{c1::parallel}}, the total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries
Published 04/09/2024 Ideally, blood flow in the cardiovascular system is {{c1::laminar}}, or streamlined
Published 04/09/2024 The greater the amount of elastic tissue there is in a blood vessel (elastance), the {{c1::lower}} the compliance is
Published 04/09/2024 Which type of blood vessel has the greatest capacitance? {{c1::Veins}}
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Systolic}} pressure is the highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Published 04/09/2024 {{c1::Diastolic}} pressure is the lowest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Published 04/09/2024 Pulse pressure is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to arterial compliance
Published 04/09/2024 Action potentials in the heart are usually initiated in the {{c1::SA node}}, which serves as the {{c2::pacemaker}}
Published 04/09/2024 From the AV node, the myocardial action potential enters the {{c1::bundle of His}}
Published 04/09/2024 The resting membrane potential of cardiac cells and neurons is determined primarily by {{c1::potassium (K+)}} ions
Published 04/09/2024 In a cardiac cell, the conductance to K+ at rest is {{c1::high::high/low}}
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 0 of the myocardial action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 1 of the myocardial action potential is caused by inactivation of voltage-gated {{c1::Na+}} channels and opening of voltage-gated {{c1::K+}} cha…
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 2 of the myocardial action potential (plateau) is caused by a balance of {{c1::K+}} efflux and {{c1::Ca2+}} influx through voltage-gated channel…
Published 04/09/2024 The influx of calcium during the plateau phase of a myocardial action potential triggers release of Ca2+ from the {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum}}, caus…
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 3 of the myocardial action potential is caused by massive efflux of {{c1::K+}} and closure of voltage-gated {{c1::Ca2+}} channels
Published 04/09/2024 What type of action potential occurs in the ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system?{{c1::Myocardial action potentials (phase 0 through phase 4)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 0 of the SA node action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated {{c1::Ca2+}} channels
Published 04/09/2024 What types of calcium channels exist in the SA node?{{c1::L-type (primary) and T-type::2}}
Published 04/09/2024 Phase {{c1::3}} of the SA node action potential is characterized by {{c2::repolarization}}
Published 04/09/2024 Phase {{c2::4}} of the SA node action potential is characterized by {{c1::slow depolarization}}
Published 04/09/2024 Which phase in the SA node accounts for its pacemaker activity and automaticity?{{c1::Phase 4 (slow depolarization)}}
Published 04/09/2024 Phase 4 of the SA node action potential is caused by a slow, mixed Na+/K+ inward current via {{c1::If ("funny")}} channels
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