Notes in Chapter_43:_Pediatrics

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Published	07/07/2024	What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children? {{c1::Neuroblastoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Neuroblastoma may present with {{c1::opsoclonus-myoclonus}} syndrome
Published	07/07/2024	Neuroblastoma is characterized by increased levels of {{c1::homovanillic acid (HVA)}} and {{c1::vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)}} in the urine (catecholam…
Published	07/07/2024	Malrotation can cause the creation of fibrous bands known as {{c1::Ladd bands}} that attach the {{c4::cecum}} to the {{c4::liver}} and may cause …
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::N-myc}} is an oncogene that is overexpressed in {{c2::neuroblastomas}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with neuroblastomas can have orbital metastases resulting in proptosis and / or {{c1::periorbital ecchymosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Malrotation with sigmoid volvulus and without signs of peritonitis, is managed with {{c1::endoscopic detorsion/decompression::treatment}}
Published	07/07/2024	What nutrition support is given in pancreatitis patients if NPO exceeds 5-7 days?{{c1::Enteral nutrition (NJ tube)}}
Published	07/07/2024	What is the treatment for thyroglossal duct cysts?{{c1::Sistrunk procedure (surgical excision)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Double bubble sign and NORMAL distal gas pattern = {{c1::malrotation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Foregut ends just proximal to the {{c1::ampulla of Vater}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hindgut begins at the {{c2::dist}}al {{c1::1/3rd}} of the transverse colon
Published	07/07/2024	Low birth weight is defined as < {{c1::2,500}} grams ({{c2::5.5}} lbs)
Published	07/07/2024	The leading cause of childhood death is {{c1::trauma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric trauma resuscitation includes {{c2::fluid bolus}} at {{c1::20}} cc/kg/hr and {{c2::blood products}} at {{c1::10}} cc/kg
Published	07/07/2024	The best indicator of pediatric shock is {{c1::tachycardia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric tachycardia criteria: - Neonate (first {{c2::4}} weeks) >{{c1::150}} - <{{c3::1 year}} old - HR >{{c1::120}} - >{…
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric goal urine output is greater than {{c1::2}}-{{c1::4}} cc/kg/hr
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric kidneys have a {{c1::lower (25%)::higher or lower}} ability to concentrate urine
Published	07/07/2024	Kids have a {{c1::high}}er baseline alkaline phosphatase level
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric fluid calculation - {{c1::4}} {{c2::cc/kg/hr}} for first {{c3::10}} kg - {{c1::2}} {{c2::cc/kg/hr}} for second {{c3::10}} kg …
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::bronchial}} veins drain into the {{c2::azygous}} vein and {{c2::hemiazygous}} vein(lung circulation)
Published	07/07/2024	Is the venous drainage in pulmonary sequestration via the systemic or pulmonary circulation?{{c1::Can be either :)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pulmonary sequestration usually presents with {{c1::infection}}, low {{c2::O2 saturation}}, or abnormal {{c3::CXR}}
Published	07/07/2024	Intra-lobar vs extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration - {{c3::Extra}}: the additional lobe {{c2::has::lacks or has}} its own {{c1::viscera…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Extra}}-lobar pulmonary sequestration is {{c2::more::more or less}} likely to be picked up with an abnormal O2 sat
Published	07/07/2024	Pulmonary sequestration is treated with {{c1::arterial ligation}} followed by {{c1::lobectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Congenital {{c2::lobar overinflation (emphysema)}} occurs due to a failure of {{c1::cartilage}} development in the bronchi, thus leadin…
Published	07/07/2024	Congenital {{c1::lobar emphysema}} causes symptoms as a result of {{c2::compression}} of the {{c3::mediastinum}} and {{c3::ad…
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical indications for congenital lobar emphysema if the patient is {{c2::symptomatic}}, then you perform a {{c1::lobectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)}} is a poorly developed alveolar lung tissue cyst that causes {{c2::compressive}}&nbsp…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Bronchiogenic}} cysts usually form {{c4::pos}}terior to the {{c2::carina}} and present as a mediastinal mass filled with {{c1::mi…
Published	07/07/2024	Bronchiogenic cysts have {{c1::some}} malignant potential
Published	07/07/2024	Should surgery be performed on pediatric bronchiogenic cysts?{{c1::Yes, treated with resection}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Pos}}terior mediastinal masses are more likely to have early symptoms of {{c2::dysphagia}} and {{c2::shortness of breath}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pediatric mediastinal malignancy is a(n) {{c1::terat}}oma and it usually occurs in the {{c2::an}}terior mediastinum
Published	07/07/2024	Which of the four T's in mediastinal tumors are least likely to form in children?{{c1::Thym}}oma
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Choledochal cysts}} are a pediatric pathology caused by in utero {{c2::reflux of pancreatic enzymes}}
Published	07/07/2024	Choledochal cysts should be resected due to risk of:Ch{{c1::olangitis}}O{{c1::bstructive jaundice}}M{{c2::alignancy}}P{{c2::ancreatitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common type of {{c4::choledochal cyst}} is a type {{c1::1}} which is a(n) {{c2::fusiform}} dilation of entire common bile duct…
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric {{c4::fluctuant}} lymphadenopathy management is {{c3::FNA}} therapeutically,diagnostic culture and sensitivity…
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric fluctuant lymphadenopathy is treated with {{c2::incision and drainage}} if {{c1::not responding to medical management}}
Published	07/07/2024	Chronic lymphadenopathy in pediatric patients usually caused by {{c2::cat scratch disease::bacterial}} and {{c1::atypical mycoplasma::bacter…
Published	07/07/2024	Asymptomatic lymphadenopathy in pediatric patients is treated with {{c1::antibiotics for 10 days::be specific}}
Published	07/07/2024	Indications for {{c2::excisional biopsy}} of asymptomatic lymphadenopathy in pediatric patients is if {{c1::no response to 10 days of antibiotics…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Cystic hygr}}omas are usually {{c3::lateral::medial or lateral}} to the {{c1::sternocleidomastoid}} muscle
Published	07/07/2024	Cystic hygromas are initially treated with {{c1::observation}}
Published	07/07/2024	If cystic hygroma becomes infected or forms an abscess, you do {{c1::antibiotic therapy}} or {{c1::incision and drainage}}
Published	07/07/2024	Indications for {{c2::cystic hygroma}} surgical excision? - Chronically: {{c1::recurrent infections}} - Acutely: {{c3::Shortn…
Published	07/07/2024	Congenital diaphragmatic hernia mortality rate is {{c1::50}}%
Published	07/07/2024	A congenital diaphragmatic hernia located anteriorly is a(n) {{c1::Morgagni's}} hernia
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia includes {{c2::high frequency ventilation}}, {{c3::inhaled nitric oxide::drug}}, …
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernias includes {{c2::reducing}} bowel contents and either {{c1::primary}} repair or {…
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical indications for pectus excavatum include symptoms of {{c2::exercise}} intolerance, {{c3::chest pain}}, or {{c1::scoliosis::ortho}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Pectus excavatum}} is usually treated with a {{c1::Nuss}} procedure
Published	07/07/2024	Choledochal cyst type(s) {{c2::4 and 5}} are treated with resection, but may require {{c1::lobectomy}} or {{c1::liver transplant}}
Published	07/07/2024	This picture shows a {{c1::2nd::1st or 2nd}} {{c2::branchial cleft cyst}}
Published	07/07/2024	This picture shows a {{c2::1st::1st or 2nd}} {{c1::branchial cleft cyst}}
Published	07/07/2024	This picture shows a {{c1::1st AND 2nd::1st or 2nd}} {{c2::branchial cleft cyst}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::1st}} branchial cleft cyst sometimes involves the {{c2::facial}} nerve
Published	07/07/2024	A vascular structure that a 2nd branchial cleft cyst travels through is the {{c1::carotid bifurcation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Branchial cleft cysts usually present as: - While {{c1::cystic lesions}} are usually seen in {{c2::teens/adults::age}} - {{c1::Sinus tr…
Published	07/07/2024	The most common type of branchial cleft cyst involves the {{c1::2nd::#}} cleft
Published	07/07/2024	Anatomically, branchial cleft cysts are differentiated from lymphadenopathy based on their relationship to the {{c1::SCM muscle}}: - {{c2::L…
Published	07/07/2024	Anatomically branchial cleft cysts are differentiated from lymphadenopathy based on their relationship to the SCM muscle:2nd/…
Published	07/07/2024	A {{c2::2nd}} branchial cleft cyst can form a sinus tract/fistula between the skin and {{c1::tonsillar fossa}}
Published	07/07/2024	A {{c2::3rd}} branchial cleft cyst can form a sinus tract/fistula between the skin and {{c3::piriform sinus/fossa}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgery for branchial cleft cyst is contraindicated if {{c1::actively infected or if abscess is present}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgery for branchial cleft cyst is indicated if the cyst {{c1::exists}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Thyroglossal duct::midline}} cysts most commonly travel {{c3::through::anterior or posterior to}} the {{c1::hyoid}} bon…
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c4::Sistrunk}} procedure involves excision of the {{c2::cyst}}, the {{c3::tract}}, and the {{c1::hyoid bone}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::3rd::#}} branchial cleft cyst tract travels through the {{c2::thyroid membrane}} and into the {{c2::piriform fossa}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of the vast majority of hemangiomas involves {{c1::observation}}
Published	07/13/2024	Indications to treat hemangioma with {{c3::beta-blockers::1st line}} or {{c3::steroids::2nd line}} are if it {{c1::impairs function (eyes, ear ca…
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical excision is indicated for a hemangioma if {{c1::resistant to propranolol or steroids}}
Published	07/07/2024	Propranolol/steroid resistant hemangiomas that are NOT amendable to easy surgical resection (most commonly {{c2::subglottic}}) can be remove…
Published	07/07/2024	The most common solid abdominal malignancy in children is a {{c1::neuroblast}}oma
Published	07/07/2024	Neuroblastoma GI symptoms include diarrhea due to secretion of {{c1::VIP}}
Published	07/07/2024	Oncologic cause of bilateral black eyes is {{c1::metastatic neuroblastoma::be specific}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Neuroblastoma::pediatric malignancy}} can present with calcificiations on abdominal xray
Published	07/07/2024	The biomarker of {{c2::neuroblastoma::malignancy}} with the highest specificity for metastatic disease is {{c1::neuron specific enolase…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::N-myc::gene}} amplification >{{c1::3}} copies has a worse prognosis in neuroblastoma patients
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical resection of neuroblastoma involves resection of {{c1::adrenal and kidney}};if unresectable, the tumor may down-stage after chemo with {{c2::…
Published	07/07/2024	Ne{{c2::u}}roblastoma presents at {{c1::1-2}} years old, while ne{{c2::ph}}roblastoma presents at {{c1::3}} years old
Published	07/07/2024	A pediatric tumor with a higher cure rate in children is a ne{{c1::ph}}roblastoma (90% cure with resection)
Published	07/07/2024	Chemotherapy with {{c2::vincristine::drug}} or {{c2::actinomycin::drug}} is indicated for ne{{c3::ph}}roblastoma if it is stage {{c1::2}} or high…
Published	07/07/2024	Ne{{c2::ph}}roblastoma stage {{c1::1}} can go straight to surgery (no chemo)
Published	07/07/2024	A pediatric tumor that can present with pathologic {{c3::bone fractures}} and {{c4::precocious puberty}} is {{c1::hepatoblast}}oma…
Published	07/07/2024	Hepato{{c1::blast}}oma has a {{c2::better::better or worse}} prognosis than hepato{{c1::cellular carcin}}oma
Published	07/07/2024	The most common biomarker in hepatoblastoma is elevated {{c1::AFP}} level
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of newborn bowel obstruction after the age of 1 week is {{c1::malrotation (1 in 200)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of bowel obstruction in newborn <1 week old is {{c1::duodenal atresia (1 in 10,000)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pediatric malignancy is {{c1::acute lymphoblastic leukemia}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pediatric solid tumor is {{c1::neuroblastoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Meckel's::congenital}} diverticulum is located on the {{c2::antim}}esenteric border of small bowel
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of colon obstruction in adults vs kids? - Adults: {{c1::colon cancer}} - Kids: {{c1::Hirschsprung's disease}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common pediatric lung tumor is {{c1::carcinoid tumor}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of painFUL lower GI bleed in kids is caused by {{c1::anorectal lesions (fissures)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of painLESS lower GI bleed in kids is {{c1::Meckel's diverticulum}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of upper GI bleeding by age: - <{{c4::1}} year(s) old is {{c1::gastr}}itis or {{c1::esophag}}itis - >{{c4::1}} y…
Published	07/07/2024	If a Meckel's diverticulum is {{c2::s}}ymptomatic, it is most likely the result of predominantly {{c1::gastr}}ic mucosa
Published	07/07/2024	If a Meckel's diverticulum is {{c2::as}}ymptomatic, it is most likely the result of predominantly {{c1::pancreat}}ic mucosa
Published	07/07/2024	The top two causes of painless lower GI bleeding in children are {{c1::Meckel's diverticulum::1st}} and {{c2::juvenile polyps::2nd}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Meckel's diverticulum::Congenital}} can cause bowel obstruction via the formation of {{c1::intussception}} or {{c1::volvulus}}
Published	07/07/2024	In addition to the inflammation caused by gastric/pancreatic mucosa, Meckel's diverticulitis can occur due to lumen {{c1::obstruction}}
Published	07/07/2024	Compared to {{c3::tagged RBC scan::imaging}} or {{c3::angiography::imaging}}, the main advantage of a {{c4::technetium-99m pertechnetate sca…
Published	07/07/2024	The most common causes of false negative {{c3::Technetium-99m pertechnetate}} scan - Patient-dependent factor: lack of {{c1::gastric mucosa in th…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Meckel's diverticulum::GI bleed}} should be considered in the adult if both {{c1::colonoscopy}} and {{c1::EGD}} are negative
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum includes three tiers: - Either a simple {{c1::diverticulectomy}} or a {{c1::diverticulectomy with we…
Published	07/07/2024	Meckel's diverticulum indications for {{c3::segmental resection with primary anastomosis::surgical procedure}} include: - Most commonly {{c1…
Published	07/07/2024	Meckel's diverticulum indications for {{c1::simple diverticulectomy::surgical procedure}} includes a {{c3::long::long or short}} diverticulum
Published	07/07/2024	Meckel's diverticulum indications for {{c1::diverticulectomy with wedge resection::surgical procedure}} includes a {{c3::short::lo…
Published	07/07/2024	The height:diameter ratio that determines Meckel's surgery management in non-complicated disease is greater OR less than {{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	The ultrasound criteria for {{c2::pyloric stenosis}} is > {{c1::4}} mm thick and > {{c1::14}} mm long
Published	07/07/2024	The initial fluid of choice for large volume vomiting resuscitation is {{c2::NS boluses}} until the patient is {{c3::making urine}},then switch t…
Published	07/07/2024	During the initial pediatric fluid resuscitation in a dehydrated patient, {{c1::potassium}}-containing fluids should be avoided
Published	07/07/2024	Prior to performing a pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis, the patient must have a corrected {{c1::anion gap}} and {{c1::electrolyte levels}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pyloric stenosis surgery is a(n) {{c3::pyloromyotomy}} and involves incising the duodenum in a {{c1::longitudinal::transverse or longitudinal}} f…
Published	07/07/2024	In a pyloromyotomy, the proximal incision should reach the {{c1::circular muscle of the stomach}}
Published	07/07/2024	Intussusception in children is most commonly caused by lymphadenopathy of {{c1::Peyer's patches}}
Published	07/07/2024	Other than Peyer patch lymphadenopathy, the other two most common causes of intussusception include {{c1::lymphoma}} and {{c1::Meckel's diverticu…
Published	07/07/2024	When treating intussusception in children, it is important to minimize the risk of {{c3::perforation}} by keeping the air pressure <{{c2:…
Published	07/07/2024	Air enema vs hydrostatic enema for intussusception depends on the availability of {{c1::ultrasound}} versus {{c1::fluoroscopy}}
Published	07/07/2024	In intussusception, {{c1::hydrostatic}} enema can be used with availability of {{c2::ultrasound OR fluoroscopic imaging::imaging type(S)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical indications for intussusception include: - Inability to {{c1::reduce}}  - Presence of {{c3::pathologic lead point}} - Pre…
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical correction of intussusception involves placing pressure on the {{c1::distal}} end of the bowel (proximal or distal)
Published	07/07/2024	Intussusception reduction is preferentially done with {{c1::air}} enemas, because you have more control over the {{c2::intra-luminal pressur…
Published	07/07/2024	Drawbacks of air-enema include poor {{c1::visualization of lead points}} and higher rates of false-positive {{c2::reductions}}
Published	07/07/2024	When doing an air enema, the maximum air pressure for young infants is <{{c1::80}} mmHg
Published	07/07/2024	The two most common indications where intussusception requires {{c1::surgical resection}} if there is a(n) {{c3::pathologic lead point}} or …
Published	07/07/2024	The most common site of intestinal atresia is the {{c1::jejunum}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prior to surgery of intestinal atresia you need to rule out {{c1::Hirschsprung's::pathology}} with {{c1::rectal biopsy::test}}
Published	07/07/2024	Duodenal atresia most commonly occurs {{c1::dist}}al to ampula of Vater
Published	07/07/2024	Additional testing for duodenal atresia patients involves {{c1::karyotype}} analysis
Published	07/07/2024	If intussusception can NOT be reduced in the operating room, the next step is {{c1::resection}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common type of TE fistula is type {{c1::C}}
Published	07/07/2024	TE fistula type {{c3::C}} involves {{c1::sup}}erior esophageal {{c2::atresia}} and {{c1::inf}}erior esophageal {{c2::fistula}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 2nd most common type of TE fistula is type {{c2::A}}, which involves superior esophageal {{c1::atresia}} and inferior esophageal {{c1::atresi…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c4::TE}} fistulas are repaired through a {{c1::right throacotomy::incision}}; most fistulas can be fixed with {{c2::primary repair}} …
Published	07/07/2024	During {{c3::TE}} fistula repair, the {{c1::azygous vein::vessel}} often needs to be {{c2::ligated}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pre-operative intervention for {{c1::TE fistula}} involves placement of a {{c2::Replogle tube (set to continuous suction)}}
Published	07/07/2024	The main function of {{c1::Replogle}} tube is to keep {{c2::esophageal stump}} free from filling with {{c3::saliva}}
Published	07/07/2024	Complications of {{c1::TE fistula::congenital}} repair include symptoms of {{c5::GERD}}, anastomotic {{c4::leak}}, anastomotic {{c…
Published	07/07/2024	Any child with {{c2::bi}}lious vomiting needs {{c3::upper GI study::test}} to rule out {{c1::malrotation}}
Published	07/07/2024	In {{c2::malrotation::congenital path}}, {{c3::upper GI study::imaging}} shows {{c1::duodenum}} that does NOT cross midline and a {{c1::duodenoje…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c5::Malrotation}} surgery key steps: - Resection of {{c1::Ladd's bands}} - Rotating the intestines {{c2::counterclo}}ckwise - {{c3::L…
Published	07/07/2024	Newborns with {{c2::meconium ileus::GI pathology}} should have their {{c1::sweat chloride concentration::test}} determined or {{c1::PCR testing for Cl…
Published	07/07/2024	Most {{c3::meconium ileus::congenital GI}} cases are managed non-operatively with {{c1::NG tube decompression}} and {{c2::N-acetylcystine}} enema…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::N-acetylcysteine}} enemas can be administered antegrade via {{c1::NG tube}} or retrograde through {{c1::appendiceal stump}}
Published	07/07/2024	In {{c3::meconium ileus}} patients, {{c1::gastrograffin enemas}} can be both {{c2::diagnostic}} and {{c2::therapeutic}}
Published	07/07/2024	Premature neonate with bloody stools after 1st feeding most likely has {{c1::necrotizing enterocolitis}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Necrotizing enterocolitis}} has three classic imaging findings all involve AIR: - {{c1::pneumatosis intestinalis}} - {{c1::pneumo…
Published	07/07/2024	Babies with {{c3::necrotizing enterocolitis}} need to have {{c2::serial decubitus xrays}} to monitor for {{c1::perforation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis involves {{c2::resecting dead bowel}} and bringing up {{c1::ostomies}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prior to taking down ostomies in necrotizing enterocolitis, you must perform {{c2::barium enema}} to rule out {{c1::distal obstruction}}
Published	07/07/2024	Imperforate anus is more common in {{c1::males::gender}}
Published	07/07/2024	Imperforate anus patients should also be screened for {{c1::VACTERL anomalies}}
Published	07/07/2024	Imperforate anus is classified as {{c2::high}} or {{c2::low}} depending on its location relative to the {{c1::levators}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::High}} imperforate anus is surgically corrected with {{c2::colostomy}}, later followed by {{c3::posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSA…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Low}} imperforate anus is surgically corrected immediately with {{c2::posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP)}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Fistulas::pre-op complication}} are more likely to form in {{c1::high::low or high}} imperforate anus
Published	07/07/2024	The most common complication of posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) is {{c1::strictures}}
Published	07/07/2024	The management of {{c2::strictures::complication}} following posterior sagittal anoplasty involves {{c1::dilation}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Gastroschisis}} is caused by intrauterine {{c2::rupture of umbilical vein}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common associated congenital finding in gastroschisis is {{c1::intestinal atresia}}
Published	07/07/2024	In gastroschisis the bowel becomes {{c2::stiff}} from {{c1::exposure to amniotic fluid}}
Published	07/07/2024	Gastroschisis should be repaired after patient is {{c1::stable}}
Published	07/07/2024	Gastroschisis and omphalocele management includes: - Place {{c3::moist gauze}} on exposed bowel - {{c2::Resuscitate}} the patient to stabili…
Published	07/07/2024	If bowel is too {{c2::edematous}} to close abdominal wall in gastroschisis/omphalocele, the next step in management is to do {{c1::silastic mesh …
Published	07/07/2024	There are {{c2::more::more or less}} associated congenital defects in {{c1::omphalocele::omphalocele or gastroschesis}}
Published	07/07/2024	There are {{c2::less::more or less}} associated congenital defects in {{c1::gastroschisis::omphalocele or gastroschesis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common associated GI abnormality with {{c2::omphalocele::gastroschisis or omphalocele}} is {{c1::malrotation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pentalogy of {{c6::Cantrell}}:1) {{c3::Cardiac defects}}2) {{c5::Omphalocele}} 3) {{c2::Pericardium}}4) {{c1::Sternal cleft}}5) {{c4::D…
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Hirschsprung's disease}} is surgically managed using either the {{c1::Soave}} or {{c1::Duhamel}} procedure
Published	07/07/2024	Hirschsprung's disease complicated by abdominal distension, foul smelling diarrhea, and signs of sepsis should be concerning for {{c1::Hirschspru…
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for Hirschsprung's colitis involves {{c1::rectal irrigation}} and possible emergency {{c2::colectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Populations at risk for {{c3::umbilical}} hernia are {{c2::African American}} babies and {{c1::premature}} babies
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric {{c4::umbilical}} hernia repair indications: - Persistence past age {{c3::5}} - If there is evidence of {{c2::incarceration}}…
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric inguinal hernias usually occur on the {{c1::right}} side (60%) and are bilateral {{c2::10}}% of the time
Published	07/07/2024	In pediatric inguinal hernias, the contralateral side is explored: - If patient is {{c3::female::gender}} - If hernia is {{c2::lef…
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric {{c3::inguinal}} hernia is repaired electively within {{c1::24 hours::time}} after {{c2::reduction}}
Published	07/07/2024	Indications to repair pediatric hydrocele include persistence past {{c2::1 year::age}} or if the hydrocele is {{c1::communicating with abdomen}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common location of cystic duplication is the {{c2::ileum}} on the {{c3::m}}esenteric border and are treated with {{c1::resecti…
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::Kasai}} procedure is done for {{c2::biliary atresia}} and should be done before the age of {{c3::3 months}}
Published	07/07/2024	The Kasai procedure is only successful {{c1::33}}% of the time
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Kasai}} procedure is also known as {{c1::hepaticoportojejun}}ostomy or {{c1::hepatoportoenter}}ostomy
Published	07/07/2024	The diagnostic test for biliary atresia is {{c1::ultrasound}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pediatric {{c2::teratomas}} present with ↑ {{c1::AFP}} and ↑ {{c1::beta-HCG}}, which correlates with potential for {{c3::malignant transformation…
Published	07/07/2024	Most sacrococcygeal teratomas are {{c1::benign::benign or malignant}} at birth and should be removed
Published	07/07/2024	Benign teratomas are excised due to {{c1::high potential for malignancy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Teratomas that are present {{c3::before::before or after}} the age of {{c1::2}} months are usually {{c2::benign::benign or malignant}}
Published	07/07/2024	Sacrococcygeal teratomas are treated via {{c1::coccygectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The initial management of undescended testes involves {{c1::waiting 6 months}}
Published	07/07/2024	Indications to surgically repair undescended testes includes failure to descend after {{c1::6 months}}
Published	07/07/2024	Undescended testes patients who have HAD orchiopexy have a(n) {{c1::increased}} risk of cancer(increased or decreased)
Published	07/07/2024	If child has cryptorchidism bilaterally this should prompt you to order {{c1::genetic studies/karyotype}}
Published	07/07/2024	Best test to confirm suspected cryptorchidism is {{c1::MRI}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cryptorchidism is repaired with {{c2::orchiopexy}} via a(n) {{c1::inguinal}} incision
Published	07/07/2024	If you are unable to manually get the testicles down in cryptorchidism orchiopexy,the next step is to {{c1::close patient and try …
Published	07/07/2024	If cryptorchidism patient still has undescended testes after repeat surgery at 6 months, the last procedure involves {{c1::division of spermatic …
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