Notes in Histology Lectures 1 & 2

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/03/2024	Cells— {{c1::functional units}} of living organisms
Published	09/03/2024	Cells {{c1::differentiate}} to perform special functions
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Organs}} are anatomically discreet collections of tissues perform certain functions
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Parenchyma}} are cells that make up the functional elements of an organ
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Stroma}} is the structural framework of an organ, background tissue
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Epithelium}} covers body surfaces, lines cavities & forms glands
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Connective tissue}} surrounds & supports other tissue
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Muscle}} contains specialized contractile cells responsible for movement
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Nervous}} tissue contains modified cells responsible for intercellular communication
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Blood}} is fluid tissue, contained within vessels of circulatory system. Specializes in oxygen transport
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)}} is the most common stain for viewing cellular and tissue structure detail
Published	09/03/2024	Gram staining involves the use of {{c1::crystal violet or methylene blue as the primarycolor::these dyes}}
Published	09/03/2024	The advantage of the Nissl/Cresyl Violet stain is {{c1::it stains the neuronal cytoplasm without staining the perikarya(cell body) of other cell struc…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Facultative dividers}} retain capacity for division with proper stimulus
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Mitosis and interphase:}} Two overarching phases of cell cycle
Published	09/03/2024	Terminally differentiated cells, after mitosis, enter {{c1::G0::phase}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Terminally differentiated}} cells lose the capacity to divide
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::S—“synthesis”::Cell cycle phase}} Replication of DNA prior to division
Published	09/03/2024	What is the longest cell cycle phase? {{c1::G1}}
Published	09/03/2024	Prophase — {{c1::Chromosomes}} visibly condensed, {{c1::Microfilaments & microtubules of cytoskeleton}} disaggregate, {{c1::Centrioles}} migrate t…
Published	09/03/2024	Prometaphase—(= late prophase): • {{c1::Nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear}} at end of prophase • {{c1::Mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1487:top=.0146:width=.1614:height=.0576:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3371:top=.0285:width=.2123:height=.124…
Published	09/03/2024	Metaphase—{{c1::chromosomes line up along equator (“metaphase plate”)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Anaphase—{{c1::centromeres split apart, chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of cell}}. Pulled by {{c1::microtubules connecting centriole & kineto…
Published	09/03/2024	During mitosis, movement of chromosomes occurs via {{c1::addition & subtraction}} of {{c1::tubulin subunits}} & {{c1::attachment proteins (e.g…
Published	09/03/2024	Telophase • {{c1::Mitotic spindle}} disaggregates • {{c1::Nucleoli reappear as nuclear envelope}} reassembles• {{c1::Cleavage furrow}} forms…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Mitotic index}}: Describes proportion of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time
Published	09/03/2024	Mitotic index: {{c1::Describes proportion of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time}}
Published	09/03/2024	Meiosis involves {{c1::chromosomal duplication}} followed by {{c1::two consecutive cell divisions (=> haploid gametes)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Products of oogenesis: {{c1::1 functional gamete (ovum) & 2 or 3 non- functional polar bodies}}
Published	09/03/2024	Triggers of apoptosis: • {{c1::Timing in fetal development; (programmed cell death)}}• {{c1::Predetermined life spans (e.g., epithelial cells of skin …
Published	09/03/2024	Stages of apoptosis• {{c1::Pyknosis: cell shrinkage & condensation}}• {{c1::Blebbing: formation of gas-containing space, simultaneous w pyknosis}}…
Published	09/03/2024	During apoptosis, {{c1::lysosomes}} release {{c1::catalytic enzymes}} into cytoplasm {{c1::autolysis::→?}}
Published	09/03/2024	In apoptosis, the final pathway is initiated by {{c1::caspase cascade}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4223:top=.3929:width=.3498:height=.0541:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4207:top=.4642:width=.3498:height=.054…
Published	09/03/2024	Fluidity of membrane {{c1::↑::↑/↓}} with ↑ temperature & {{c1::↓::↑/↓}} with saturation of FA’s
Published	09/03/2024	wrt membrane, Cholesterol helps {{c1::regulate fluidity}} & {{c1::stabilize membrane}}. {{c1::↑::↑/↓}} cholesterol stiffens membrane, {{c1::↓::↑/↓…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::extrinsic or peripheral}} proteins - Proteins on surface of membrane
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::intrinsic or integral proteins}} - proteins incorporated within membrane.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Structural}} proteins—add mechanical stability to membrane
Published	09/03/2024	Difference between pores and channels{{c1::pores: always openchannels: can open and close}}
Published	09/03/2024	Glycocalyx: comprised of {{c1::glycoproteins & glycolipids::(2).}}Functions: {{c1::protect surface of cell membrane}}, {{c1::cell recognition &amp…
Published	09/03/2024	Types of transport: {{c1::simple (passive) diffusion}}, {{c1::facilitated diffusion}}, {{c1::active transport}}, {{c1::bulk (vesicular) transport}}
Published	09/03/2024	Facilitated diffusion uses ion channels in {{c1::transmembrane proteins::?}} proteins which can be {{c1::gated or ungated}}
Published	09/03/2024	Types of stimulus which ion channels can use to open: {{c1::Voltage}} gating: {{c1::change in membrane potential}}{{c1::Chemical}} gating: {{c1::bindi…
Published	09/03/2024	Types of bulk (vesicular) transport (aka endocytosis)• {{c1::Phagocytosis}}—{{c1::engulfment of solid, particulate matter}} • {{c1::Pinocytosis}}—{{c1…
Published	09/03/2024	Receptor-mediated endocytosis—{{c1::extracellular molecules (ligands) bind to receptor proteins, or clathrins,located in coated pits (= caveolae) of c…
Published	09/03/2024	Nucleus surrounded by {{c1::nuclear envelope}}— separates {{c1::nucleoplasm from cytoplasm.}}
Published	09/03/2024	Nuclear envelope •Contains {{c1::2 layers: inner & outer nuclear membrane::# and what layer(s)?}} separated by {{c1::perinuclear cistern}}
Published	09/03/2024	Inner nuclear membrane associated with network of {{c1::lamin filaments}} for support called {{c1::nuclear lamina}}.
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Lamins}} are the major architectural proteins of the animal cell nucleus.
Published	09/03/2024	Nuclear pore complex (NPC): {{c1::mediates transport of all macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.::function}}
Published	09/03/2024	Structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) — a {{c1::cylindrical ring-like::shape}} structure lined with {{c1::nucleoporins}} capable {{c1::of bindin…
Published	09/03/2024	Nucleoproteins: {{c1::complex of nucleic acid bound to protein}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Histones}}—most of DNA-associated protein in eukaryotes. Responsible for organizing and packaging the DNA of a cell nucleus into structural unit…
Published	09/03/2024	Nucleolus: {{c1::Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis & ribosomal assembly::function}}, composed of {{c1::deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid…
Published	09/03/2024	DNA complexed with nucleoproteins to form {{c1::chromatin}}
Published	09/03/2024	Chromatin packaged into {{c1::chromosomes}}
Published	09/03/2024	Karyotyping is {{c1::sorting of chromosome pairs according to size & shape}}
Published	09/03/2024	Heterochromatin—{{c1::electron-dense, darkly-staining, inactive DNA & nucleoprotein}}
Published	09/03/2024	Euchromatin—{{c1::dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Most chromatin in nucleus is {{c1::inactive heterochromatin}}
Published	09/03/2024	Ribosomes:• {{c1::Bipartite (2 subunits, 40S and 60S)::structure}}• {{c1::Proteinaceous structures, contain rRNA::composition}}• {{c1::Synthesized &am…
Published	09/03/2024	Endoplasmic Reticulum • {{c1::Network/reticulum of tubular structures scattered in cytoplasm::structure}}• Divides the {{c1::intracellular space into …
Published	09/03/2024	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for {{c1::synthesis of lipids}}. In animal cells, {{c1::lipid-like steroidal hormones}} are synthesized…
Published	09/03/2024	Coated vesicles (COPI/II)— {{c1::surround & coat proteins for transport::function}}, {{c1::bud off sER::originate from?}}, {{c1::transport protein…
Published	09/05/2024	sER (smooth ER) functions in {{c1::lipid synthesis, transport of proteins from rER to Golgi, membrane formation & recycling::(3)}}. Also functions…
Published	09/03/2024	Golgi:• {{c1::A complex of flattened, stacked, membrane-bound cisternae::structure}}• {{c1::Functions in post-translational modification, packaging, &…
Published	09/03/2024	Two faces of Golgi apparatus:• {{c1::cis, forming face. Receive proteins from rER in transfer vesicles::name & function}}• {{c1::trans, maturing f…
Published	09/03/2024	Vesicles bud off maturing face as {{c1::condensing vacuoles}}, sorted into: {{c1::secretory vesicles for extracellular export via exocytosis}}, as {{c…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Membrane trafficking}}—during exocytosis & secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane—recycled…
Published	09/03/2024	Membrane trafficking—{{c1::during exocytosis & secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane—recycled b…
Published	09/03/2024	Lysosomes—{{c1::membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., acid phosphatase)::what are they?}}, {{c1::Responsible for the digestion …
Published	09/03/2024	1'/inactive lysosomes fuse with {{c1::phagocytic vesicles/phagosomes}}, become {{c1::active phagolysosomes (= 2’ lysosomes)}}. {{c1::Function in intra…
Published	09/03/2024	Hydrolytic breakdown results in production of {{c1::3’ lysosome::?' lysosome}}, or {{c1::residual body}}, which may be {{c1::excreted or remain in cel…
Published	09/03/2024	Endosomes—{{c1::primarily intracellular sorting organelles, type of vesicle::what?}}. {{c1::They regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among oth…
Published	09/03/2024	Peroxisomes—{{c1::(=microbodies) membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases). Also contain catalase and peroxidase to break down…
Published	09/03/2024	Peroxisomes use {{c1::enzymes, free radicals, & hydrogen peroxide::(3)}} to {{c1::oxidize toxic metabolites}}
Published	09/03/2024	Mitochondria are present in all cells except {{c1::RBCs and keratinocytes::(2)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cristae: {{c1::Pleated pattern of inner membrane of mitochondria. Lined with elementary particles that contain enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation.:…
Published	09/03/2024	Cell respiration begins in {{c1::cytosol::where?}}, {{c1::where glucose converted to pyruvate::how?}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Krebs/TCA cycle & oxidative phosphorylation}} within mitochondria require O2; referred to as {{c1::aerobic respiration}}
Published	09/03/2024	Inclusions: {{c1::nutrients or pigments within the cell, but have no activity like other organelles::define}}, {{c1::glycogen, lipids. pigments such a…
Published	09/03/2024	Lipofuscin—{{c1::pigment::what is it?}} {{c1::gold-brown granules::color}}; {{c1::frequently seen in neurons::where?}}
Published	09/03/2024	Hematoxylin—{{c1::blue::color}}, {{c1::basic::acidic/basic}} dye; stains {{c1::acids::acids/bases}} {{c1::(e.g., DNA in nuclei, RNA in ribosomes &…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Nissl/Cresyl Violet Stain::stain}} uses {{c1::basic::acidic/basic}} aniline dye to study {{c1::neuronal structure in the brain and spinal cord}}…
Published	09/03/2024	Tissues & organs are organized into larger systems may be {{c1::discreet entities}} (e.g., CNS) or {{c1::diffuse aggregates}} (e.g., immune sys)
Published	09/03/2024	At beginning of S phase, chromosome # is {{c1::2n::?n}}; at end = {{c1::4n::?n}}
Published	09/05/2024	Eosin—{{c1::red-pink::color}}, {{c1::acidic::acidic/basic}} dye; stains {{c1::bases::acids/bases}} {{c1::(e.g., proteins)::such as}}
Published	09/03/2024	G2—“2nd gap phase”: Preparation for {{c1::mitosis}}, synthesis of {{c1::ATP & tubulin for mitotic spindle}}
Published	09/03/2024	Giemsa stain can also help to visualize {{c1::chromosome}} abnormalities through "{{c1::Giemsa-Based Banding}}," or observing the {{c1::alternating da…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Giemsa stain::stain}} is commonly used in hematology for its superior ability to stain {{c1::bone marrow, plasma cells, and mast cells::cells/ti…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Gram stain::stain}} dfferentiates bacterial species, used to determine the causative organism in a {{c1::bacterial}} infection {{c1::(stains bac…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Periodic acid Schiff Reaction Stain (PAS stain)::stain}} is a way to examine structures containing high amounts of {{c1::carbohydrates::macromol…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Silver stains::stains}} are a larger category of stains used for the histopathological study of {{c1::accumulation-based}} diseases in neurology…
Published	09/03/2024	What occurs during prophase I (meiosis)?{{c1::homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrads}} with exchange of {{c1::chromatin via crossing over (chias…
Published	09/03/2024	Gram-{{c1::positive::+/-}} organisms appear purple-brown under microscope. Gram-{{c1::negative::+/-}} organisms appear red under microscope
Published	09/03/2024	Newly formed lysosomes produced by {{c1::rER & Golgi::(2)}} called {{c1::1’ lysosomes (inactive)}}
Status	Last Update	Fields