Notes in 06TCellEffectors

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Published	07/30/2024	Cell-mediated immune responses begin with the activation of {{c1::naïve T cells}} to proliferate and to differentiate into {{c1::effector cells}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells}}Kill infected cells containing microbial proteins in the cytosol, thus eliminating cellular reservoirs of infection. The…
Published	07/30/2024	Each subset of CD4+ T cells develops in response to the types of microbes that subset is best at eradicating.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	If they go rouge:Th1, Th17 overproduction/overzealous → {{c1::autoimmune diseases}}Th2 → {{c1::allergic reactions}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Th2::Th1/Th2/Th17}} cells inhibit {{c2::classical}} macrophage activation and stimulate the {{c2::alternative}} pathway of macrophage activation
Published	07/30/2024	In Th2 cells, {{c1::IL-5::cytokine}} is an activator of {{c2::eosinophils}} and serves as the principal link between T cell activation and {{c2::eosin…
Published	07/30/2024	Th2 cells function in defense against helminthic and other infections by several mechanisms:[[oc1::IgE- and eosinophil-mediated reactions]][[oc2::Host…
Published	07/30/2024	Major function of {{c1::Th17::Th1/Th2/Th17}} cells is stimulate the recruitment of {{c2::neutrophils}} and, to less extent, {{c2::monocytes}} to …
Published	07/30/2024	Major cytokines produced by {{c3::Th17}} cells:{{c1::IL-17}} - Stimulates the production of chemokines from other cells{{c1::IL-22}} - Increases …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23}} are {{c2::innate proinflammatory}} cytokines whose secretion is stimulated by recognition of fungal glycans an…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TGF-𝜷::cytokine}} is an inhibitor of immune responses but promotes {{c3::Th17}} cell development when present with {{c2::IL-1 or IL-6::cytokine/…
Published	07/30/2024	Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) are produced by dendritic cells especially those that are stimulated or “attacked” by the bacteria or fungi …
Published	07/30/2024	BOTH {{c2::IL-17::cytokine}} and {{c2::IL-22::cytokine}} increases the production of {{c1::antimicrobial peptides}} (natural antibiotics in cells), an…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Job syndrome (or AD hyper-IgE syndrome)::disease}} is caused by mutations in {{c3::STAT3::transcription factor}} resulting in defective {{c1::Th…
Published	07/30/2024	If the viruses are in the cytosol, they are {{c1::ina::ina/a}}ccessible to the killing mechanisms of phagocytes
Published	07/30/2024	CD8+ T Lymphocytes activated by antigen differentiate into {{c1::CTLs (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes)}}
Published	07/30/2024	CD4+ helper T cells are required for CD8+ T cell responses to {{c1::latent viral infections, organ transplants, and tumors}}, all of which tend to eli…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-12 & type I IFN*::cytokine/s}} produced by CTLs have both been shown to stimulate the differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells into effector…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-21}} produced by CTLs produced by activated+ CD4+ T cells plays a role in the induction of {{c2::CD8 effector}} and {{c2::memory cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T Cell Exhaustion}} - For some chronic viral infections, CTL effector responses are generated but they are then gradually extinguished
Published	07/30/2024	Exhausted CD8+ T cells have numerous functional defects, decreased proliferation, reduced production of {{c1::IFN-γ }}, and poor cytotoxic a…
Published	07/30/2024	CTLs can be activated by and are able to kill any infected cell in any tissue, because:{{c1::all nucleated cells express class I MHC;}}{{c1::different…
Published	07/30/2024	CTLs kill target cells a result of delivery of cytotoxic granule proteins into the target cells. Two (2) types are critical for killing: {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Perforin::granule protein}} disrupts the integrity of the target cell plasma membrane and endosomal membranes, facilitating the delivery of {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Granzymes::protein granules}} cleave and thereby activate enzymes called {{c2::caspases::cysteine proteases that cleave proteins after aspartic …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fas ligand}} membrane protein also expressed by activated CTLs that binds to {{c2::Fas (CD95)}} a death-inducing receptor on target cells.T…
Published	07/30/2024	Evasion of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Microbes. MicrobeMechanism{{c2::Herpes simplex virus (HSV)}}{{c1::Inhibition of antigen presentation: HSV peptide…
Published	07/30/2024	Evasion of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Microbes. MicrobeMechanism{{c2::Cytomegalovirus (CMV)}}{{c1::Inhibition of antigen presentation: • Inhibition of …
Published	07/30/2024	Evasion of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Microbes. MicrobeMechanism{{c1::Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)}}{{c2::Inhibition of antigen presentation: inhibition of…
Published	07/30/2024	Evasion of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Microbes. MicrobeMechanism{{c2::Pox virus}}Inhibition of effector cell activation: production of soluble cytokine…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CD4+::CD4+/CD8+}} T Cells are responsible for the classical type of cell-mediated immunity (requiring phagocytes)
Published	07/30/2024	Antigen recognition and induction of responseT cell proliferation and differentiationMigration/ Entry to Circulation (of differentiated CD4+)Effector …
Published	07/30/2024	Helper T Cell SubsetDefining CytokinesCytokines that lead to devTranscription FactorsPrincipal Target CellsMajor Immune ReactionsHost…
Published	07/30/2024	Helper T Cell SubsetDefining CytokinesCytokines that lead to devTranscription FactorsPrincipal Target CellsMajor Immune ReactionsHost…
Published	07/30/2024	Helper T Cell SubsetDefining CytokinesCytokines that lead to devTranscription FactorsPrincipal Target CellsMajor Immune ReactionsHost…
Published	07/30/2024	Helper T Cell SubsetDefining CytokinesCytokines that lead to devTranscription FactorsPrincipal Target CellsMajor Immune ReactionsHost…
Published	07/30/2024	Classical Macrophage Activation of Th1Responses of Activated Macrophages1. Production of {{c1::ROS, NO, ↑lysosomal enzymes::3}}2. Secretion of {{c2::c…
Published	07/30/2024	Functions of IFN-y- {{c1::Activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes}}- {{c1::Promotes differentiation of CD4+ T cells to the Th1 subset (thu…
Published	07/30/2024	Functions of IFN-yActs on B cells to promote switching to certain IgGsubclasses, notably {{c1::IgG2a or IgG2c (in mice)}}, and to {{c2::inhibit switch…
Published	07/30/2024	Effector cells of the Th1 subset recognize the antigens of {{c1::microbes ingested by macrophages}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Classically activated macrophages produce substances, including (3):{{c1::ROSNOLysosomal enzymes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Th2 cells stimulate {{c1::eosinophilic inflammation}} and trigger the {{c2::alternative pathway::classical/alternative}} of macrophage activation.
Published	07/30/2024	The balance between activation of Th1 and Th2 cells determines the outcomes of many infections:Th1 → {{c1::promote::promote/suppress}} defense against…
Published	07/30/2024	Transcription factors for the development of Th17 cells:{{c1::ROR𝜸T}} induced mainly by {{c2::TGF-𝜷}}{{c1::STAT3}} induced by {{c2::IL-6 and IL-2…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::primary}} immunodeficiency, there is an innate problem with T cells.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Stat4 and Stat1::transcription factors}} are activated by {{c1::IL-12 and IFN-y}}.
Published	07/30/2024	T-BET is activated by {{c2::antigen-induced signals + cytokines}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Classical Macrophage Activation of {{c1::Th1 Cells::Subset of Th cells}}{{c2::CD40L}} and {{c2::IFN-γ}} bind and activate to the macrophages to t…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}Differentiation of a helper T cell into a specific subset causes inhibition of differentiation into other subsets.
Published	07/30/2024	In Th2 cells, {{c1::IL-13::cytokine}} working together with IL-4 plays a key role in defense against helminths and allergic inflammation.
Published	07/30/2024	Th2 cells are mediators of phagocyte {{c2::independent::independent/dependent}} defense
Published	07/30/2024	The principal function of {{c1::Th1}} cells is to activate macrophages and stimulate phagocyte-mediated killing of ingested microbes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Th1}} cells: major effector T cell population in phagocyte-mediated host defense
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IFN-y}} is the most potent macrophage activating cytokine.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Th1}} cells promote {{c2::classical}} macrophage activation and inhibit {{c2::alternative}} macrophage activation.
Published	07/30/2024	In classical macrophage activation, Th1 cells express {{c1::CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154)}} and release {{c1::IFN-y}} that leads to macrophag…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-4 and IL-13::cytokines}} shut down the activation of inflammatory macrophages.
Published	07/30/2024	Alternative Pathway of Macrophage Activation by Th2 Cells{{c1::Il-4 and IL-13::cytokines}} activate macrophages to secrete growth factors that act on&…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-4}} stimulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th2 cells by activating {{c2::STAT6::transcription factor}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::STAT6::transcription factor}} along with TCR signals induces the expression of {{c2::GATA-3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Th2 cells secrete {{c1::IL-4 and IL-13::cytokines}} to {{c2::enhance intestinal mucus secretion & peristalsis::effect on GI}}
Published	07/30/2024	Principle function of Th17 cells is to destroy extracellular bacteria and fungi, mainly by inducing {{c2::neutrophilic}} inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TGF-𝜷::cytokine}} is a powerful inhibitor of immune responses, HOWEVER, when present together with {{c2::IL-6::cytokine}} or {{c2::IL-1::cy…
Published	07/30/2024	Differentiation into the Th17 subset is dependent on {{c1::ROR-gamma-t and STAT3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::STAT3::transcription factor}} is activated by {{c2::IL-6 and IL-23}}
Published	07/30/2024	Expression of RORyT is induced by innate inflammatory cytokines and {{c1::TGF-beta}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-23::cytokine}} enhances and stabilizes Th17 cells to produce more {{c2::IL-17 and IL-22::cytokines}}
Published	07/30/2024	Expression of Th17-produced transcription factors enables naive T cells (which are differentiating to Th17) to produce {{c1::IL-21}} which furthe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-17::Th17 cytokine}} induces {{c2::neutrophil::cell}}-rich inflammation and stimulates the production of {{c2::antimicrobial substances, inclu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Job syndrome}} is caused by a mutation in {{c2::STAT3}} resulting to defective Th17 development leading to increased susceptibility to cuta…
Published	07/30/2024	Helper T Cell SubstrateCytokines that lead to their devleopmentDefining CytokinesTh1{{c3::IL-12, IFN-y (IFN-1)::3}}{{c7::IFN-y::1}}Th…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-21::cytokine}} further amplifies the differentiation of Naive T helper cells into Th17 cells
Published	07/30/2024	In addition to direct killing, CD8+ T cells secrete {{c1::IFN- γ::cytokine}} and in some cases {{c1::IL-17::cytokine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Evasion of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Microbes. MicrobeMechanism{{c1::Mycobacteria}}Inhibit the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes
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