Notes in RNA virus

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Published	03/24/2024	What virus is associated with bilateral inflammation of the parotid glands? {{c1::Mumps virus}}
Published	03/24/2024	In addition to parotitis, mumps may also present with {{c1::orchitis}}, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis
Published	03/24/2024	Orchitis due to mumps infection carries risk of {{c1::sterility}}, especially in teenagers
Published	03/24/2024	What type of viruses are paramyxoviruses? {{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc.}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of virus is parainfluenza (croup)?{{c1::Paramyxovirus}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which family of viruses is mumps a member of?{{c1::Paramyxoviridae}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which family of viruses includes measles?{{c1::Paramyxoviridae}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of virus is RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?{{c1::Paramyxovirus (negative sense RNA)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Do paramyxoviruses have an envelope?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the route of transmission of paramyxoviruses?{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}Utilizing {{c2::Spikes}} that bind {{c3::UR tract}} {{c4::glycoprotei…
Published	03/24/2024	Measles is also known as {{c1::rubeola}}
Published	03/24/2024	What mnemonic is used to help in the diagnosis of measles (rubeola)?{{c1::4 C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, koplik spots)}}
Published	03/24/2024	What are the 4 C's of Measles?{{c1::Cough}}{{c2::Coryza (runny/stuffy nose due to inflammation)}}{{c3::Conjunctivitis}}{{c4::Koplik spots}}
Published	03/24/2024	What virus commonly results in Koplik spots?{{c1::Measles}}
Published	03/24/2024	A(n) {{c1::maculopapular rash::specific}} develops {{c2::1}}-{{c2::2}} days following the prodromal symptoms of measles
Published	03/24/2024	The measles rash starts on the {{c1::face}} and moves {{c1::down}}-wards
Published	03/24/2024	What is a respiratory complication of measles (rubeola)?{{c1::Giant cell pneumonia::specific}}
Published	03/24/2024	What CNS complication can arise with measles (rubeola)?{{c1::Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)::long}}
Published	03/24/2024	What virus can present with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?{{c1::Measles (rubeola)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is diagnosed with presence of {{c1::anti-measles antibodies}} in {{c2::CSF}}
Published	03/24/2024	Paramyxoviruses can express the virulence factor {{c1::hemagglutinin}} which binds sialic acid, promoting viral entry into cells
Published	03/24/2024	Paramyxoviruses contain surface {{c1::F (fusion) proteins}} that cause {{c3::respiratory}} epithelial cells to fuse and form {{c2::multinucleated gian…
Published	03/24/2024	Which virulence factor is responsible for multinucleated giant cell formation in paramyxoviruses?{{c1::Surface F (fusion) proteins}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus produces Warthin-Finkeldey cells due to its surface fusion (F) proteins?{{c1::Measles (rubeola)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Measles virus commonly presents with {{c1::Warthin-Finkeldey::proper name}} giant cells
Published	03/24/2024	Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells result from measles virus {{c2::surface F (fusion)}} proteins acting on {{c1::lymphocytes::cell type}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Lymphadenitis}} with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells is diagnostic of Measles (rubeola)
Published	03/24/2024	What are the 4 places that mumps is known to replicate?{{c1::Parotid gland, testes, CNS, pancreas}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which paramyxovirus can result in parotitis?{{c1::Mumps}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which paramyxovirus can result in orchitis (unilaterally)?{{c1::Mumps}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which paramyxovirus can result in aseptic meningitis?{{c1::Mumps}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which paramyxovirus can result in pancreatitis?{{c1::Mumps}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which viral virulence factors is Mumps associated with?{{c1::Hemagglutinin; F (fusion) protein; Neuraminidase}}
Published	03/24/2024	RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) is typically seen in children {{c1::< 6 months}} of age
Published	03/24/2024	Which paramyxovirus infects respiratory cells via the G-protein?{{c1::RSV}}
Published	03/24/2024	RSV attaches to the {{c1::G protein}} in order to infect respiratory epithelial cells
Published	03/24/2024	What is the most common cause of pneumonia in infants?{{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?{{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}
Published	03/24/2024	RSV contains the virulence factor {{c1::F (fusion) protein}}, which allows the production of multinucleated giant cells
Published	03/24/2024	Which viral virulence factor is RSV associated with?{{c1::F (fusion) protein}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus causes croup?{{c1::Parainfluenza virus}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the shape of the HDV genome?{{c1::Circular}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HDV infection has a worse outcome, co-infection with HBV or superinfection with HBV?{{c1::Superinfection with HBV}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which family of viruses includes influenza?{{c1::Orthomyxoviridae}}
Published	03/24/2024	What type of viruses are orthomyxoviruses?{{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc}}
Published	03/24/2024	Negative sense RNA viruses produce their own {{c1::RNA polymerase}} to transcribe into positive sense RNA
Published	03/24/2024	Most RNA viruses are {{c1::single}}-stranded
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Orthomyxovirus}} is the only negative RNA virus to replicate in the {{c2::nucleus}}
Published	03/24/2024	RNA viruses usually replicate in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which RNA virus family is double-stranded?{{c1::Reoviridae}}
Published	03/24/2024	Are Orthomyxoviruses enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	How many strains of influenza are there?{{c1::Three (A, B, C)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Orthomyxovirus has {{c1::8::#}} segments
Published	03/24/2024	The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, {{c1::orthomyxovirus}}, arenavirus, and reovirus
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic variation of influenza viruses occurs with changes to viral {{c1::hemagglutinin (HA)}} and {{c1::neuraminidase (NA)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Influenza viruses are named based on {{c1::HA}} and {{c1::NA}} types (e.g. H1N1)
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic variation can be due to antigenic {{c1::drift}} or antigenic {{c2::shift}}
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic {{c1::drift}} occurs when there are {{c2::point mutations}} in HA or NA
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic {{c1::drift}} explains why we need a flu shot each year
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic drift is associated with {{c2::epi}}-demics
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic {{c1::shift}} occurs with HA/NA {{c2::reassortment}} amongst different {{c3::species}}
Published	03/24/2024	Antigenic shift is associated with {{c2::pan}}-demics
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Hemagglutinin}} is a viral envelope protein that binds {{c2::sialic acid}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which envelope protein of Influenza facilitates viral endocytosis into cells?{{c1::Hemagglutinin}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Neuraminidase}} is a viral envelope protein that cleaves the {{c2::HA-sialic acid}} interaction
Published	03/24/2024	Which envelope protein of Influenza facilitates viral spread from cells?{{c1::Neuraminidase}}
Published	03/24/2024	Hemagglutinin (HA) {{c1::antigens}} are designated H1, H2, H3, etc.
Published	03/24/2024	Which envelope protein of Influenza determines cell tropism?{{c1::Hemagglutinin}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::M2 channel proteins}} are influenza viral proteins that ensure proper intracellular {{c2::pH}} for viral {{c3::uncoating}}
Published	03/24/2024	Amantadine and Rimantadine are drugs that inhibit the {{c1::M2 protein channels}} of {{c2::influenza A::strain}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the route of transmission of influenza?{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which influenza vaccine is injected intramuscularly?{{c1::Inactivated/Killed}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Rhabdovirus}} is the virus that causes {{c2::rabies}}
Published	03/24/2024	What type of virus is rhabdovirus? {{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc}}
Published	03/24/2024	Is Rhabdovirus enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus is said to be 'bullet-shaped'?{{c1::Rabies virus (rhabdovirus)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus is displayed below?{{c1::Rhabdovirus (rabies)bullet-shaped}}
Published	03/24/2024	Rhabdovirus has a(n) {{c1::helical}} capsid
Published	03/24/2024	Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in the United States?{{c1::Bats}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in developing countries?{{c1::Dogs}}
Published	03/24/2024	Along with Bats, Rabies virus is also commonly carried by {{c1::skunks}} in the western U.S.
Published	03/24/2024	Along with Bats, Rabies virus is also commonly carried by {{c1::raccoons}} and {{c1::foxes}} in the eastern U.S.
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Rabies}} virus binds to {{c1::nicotinic ACh}} receptors in the post-synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction
Published	03/24/2024	Rabies virus binds to nicotinic ACh receptors in the {{c1::post}}-synaptic membrane of the {{c1::neuromuscular}} junction
Published	03/24/2024	Infection of Rabies virus occurs within {{c1::striated muscle}} cells
Published	03/24/2024	What is the incubation period of rabies virus?{{c1::Weeks to months}}
Published	03/24/2024	Incubation of Rabies virus takes longer when infection occurs in the {{c1::lower}} extremities
Published	03/24/2024	After motor endplate infection, Rabies virus crosses the synaptic cleft by binding {{c1::neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs)}}, entering neurons
Published	03/24/2024	Rabies virus travels {{c1::retro}}-grade along peripheral nerves
Published	03/24/2024	Replication of Rabies virus occurs within {{c1::striated muscle}} and {{c1::motor neuronal}} cells
Published	03/24/2024	Rabies virus travels retrograde to the {{c1::dorsal root}} ganglia before spreading to the CNS
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Rabies}} virus replication occurs in {{c1::eosino}}-philic cytoplasmic inclusions called {{c1::Negri}} bodies
Published	03/24/2024	Negri bodies of Rabies virus can be found in the cytoplasm of the {{c1::hippocampal pyramidal}} cells and cerebellar purkinje cells
Published	03/24/2024	Negri bodies of Rabies virus can be found in the cytoplasm of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and {{c1::cerebellar purkinje}} cells
Published	03/24/2024	Which two areas of the CNS are rabies virus Negri bodies found?{{c1::Hippocampus (pyramidal cells); Cerebellum (Purkinje cells)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Rabies virus can spread to the peripheral neurons and enter {{c1::salivary}} glands
Published	03/24/2024	Negri bodies (rabies virus) are found within the {{c1::cytoplasm::cell location}}
Published	03/24/2024	Neurologic manifestations of {{c2::Rabies}} virus include {{c1::hydro}}-phobia and {{c1::aero}}-phobia, both pathognomonic signs
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Rabies}} virus can present with {{c1::pharyngeal}} muscle spasms, causing dysphagia
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus/viral family will have cytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions within neuronal cells?{{c1::Rabies virusNegri bodies}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus/viral family will have nuclear, eosinophilic inclusions within cells?{{c1::Herpesviridae familyCowdry bodies}}
Published	03/24/2024	Treatment of Rabies virus includes wound {{c1::cleaning}}
Published	03/24/2024	Treatment of Rabies virus is known as {{c3::passive-active}} immunity
Published	03/24/2024	Transmission of rabies virus occurs via {{c1::animal bites}} or {{c2::aerosol}} transmission
Published	03/24/2024	What type of viruses are Filoviruses? {{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc.}}
Published	03/24/2024	Filoviruses have a(n) {{c1::helical}} capsid
Published	03/24/2024	Are Filoviruses enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Ebola}} and {{c2::Marburg}} virus both belong to the {{c3::filoviridae}} family
Published	03/24/2024	Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) cause {{c1::petechial}} rash and fever
Published	03/24/2024	Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) cause acute {{c1::hemorrhagic fever}} that can progress to end-organ failure
Published	03/24/2024	Death from Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) results from {{c1::hemorrhagic (hypovolemic)}} shock
Published	03/24/2024	Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) may be transmitted via {{c1::primates (apes)}} or bats
Published	03/24/2024	What is the reservoir of ebola and marburg virus (filoviruses)?{{c1::Bats}}
Published	03/24/2024	Risk factors for Ebola and Marburg virus infection include recent travel to {{c1::Africa}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ebola virus is diagnosed via {{c1::RT-PCR}} of blood or other bodily fluids
Published	03/24/2024	Which filovirus can result in DIC?{{c1::Ebola}}
Published	03/24/2024	The {{c2::segmented}} virus families include {{c1::bunyavirus}}, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, and reovirus
Published	03/24/2024	What type of viruses are Bunyaviruses? {{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc.}}
Published	03/24/2024	Are Bunyaviruses enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Bunyaviruses}} are a class of RNA viruses that obtain their envelope from host cell's {{c1::golgi apparatus (golgi body complex)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Bunyaviruses have {{c1::3::#}} {{c2::circular}} segments
Published	03/24/2024	Most of the Bunyaviruses are also {{c1::arboviruses}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which bunyavirus is also a robovirus?{{c1::Hantavirus (Sin nombre)}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the reservoir for Hantavirus (Sin nombre)?{{c1::Deer mouse::specific}}
Published	03/24/2024	Hantavirus (Sin nombre) is transmitted through rodent {{c1::urine/feces}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)?{{c1::Hantavirus (sin nombre)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus causes cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)?{{c1::Hantavirus (sin nombre)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Hantavirus can result in {{c1::pulmonary}} capillary leak
Published	03/24/2024	Pulmonary capillary leak of the virus {{c1::Hantavirus (sin nombre)}} is radiographically similar to {{c2::ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)}…
Published	03/24/2024	{{c3::Hantavirus}} is a virus that causes {{c2::pre}}-renal azotemia
Published	03/24/2024	Hantavirus (sin nombre) results in capillary leak, causing hypotension and ultimately {{c1::renal}} failure
Published	03/24/2024	Hantavirus can result in {{c1::hemorrhagic}} fever with renal syndrome
Published	03/24/2024	Hantavirus (Sin nombre) belongs to the {{c3::bunyaviridae}} family
Published	03/24/2024	Rift valley fever belongs to the {{c3::bunyaviridae}} family
Published	03/24/2024	California encephalitis belongs to the {{c3::bunyaviridae}} family
Published	03/24/2024	Bunyaviruses that are also arboviruses include {{c1::California encephalitis}}, {{c2::Rift Valley Fever}}, Sandfly fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagi…
Published	03/24/2024	Manifestations of California encephalitis and Rift Valley Fever include {{c1::seizures}} and {{c2::encephalitis}}
Published	03/24/2024	California encephalitis is transmitted via the {{c1::Aedes mosquito}} vector
Published	03/24/2024	Rift Valley Fever is transmitted via the {{c1::Aedes mosquito}} vector
Published	03/24/2024	Which group of viruses have a single strand of RNA that is both positive and negative (ambisense)?{{c1::Arenaviruses}}
Published	03/24/2024	Are Arenaviruses enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	Arenaviruses are classified as {{c1::*negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc.}} viruses
Published	03/24/2024	Arenavirus has a(n) {{c1::helical}} capsid
Published	03/24/2024	The three negative RNA virus families with helical capsids include {{c1::filovirus}}, {{c2::rhabdovirus}}, and {{c3::arenavirus}}
Published	03/24/2024	Arenaviruses have {{c2::2::#}} {{c1::circular}} segments
Published	03/24/2024	Which viruses have a grainy (sand) appearance on electron microscopy?{{c1::Arenaviruses}}
Published	03/24/2024	The {{c2::grainy}} particles within Arenaviruses on microscopy are host cell {{c1::ribosomes}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the reservoir of Arenaviruses?{{c1::Rodents (mice, hamsters)}}
Published	03/24/2024	The arenaviruses include {{c1::lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)}} and lassa fever
Published	03/24/2024	The arenaviruses include lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and {{c2::lassa fever}}
Published	03/24/2024	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) presents with fever and {{c1::meningoencephalitis}}
Published	03/24/2024	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be inactivated by {{c1::heat}} and irradiation
Published	03/24/2024	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be inactivated by heat and {{c2::irradiation}}
Published	03/24/2024	Lassa fever is associated with fever and {{c1::encephalitis}}
Published	03/24/2024	Lassa fever is endemic to {{c1::West Africa}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Measles virus (rubeola)}} is characterized by a prodrome of cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a maculopapular rash that spreads in …
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Koplik spots}} are bluish-white lesions on the buccal mucosa and are pathognomonic for {{c2::measles}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in an unvaccinated child that presents with fever and bilateral parotitis? {{c1::Mumps}}
Published	03/24/2024	What neurologic complication is associated with mumps infection?{{c1::Aseptic meningitis}}
Published	03/24/2024	What mumps complication occurs predominantly in post-pubertal males?{{c1::Orchitis}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which viral genetic phenomenon is exhibited by HBV providing HBsAg for HDV?{{c1::Complementation}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::HDV}} is a deltavirus that causes hepatitis
Published	03/24/2024	What animal is rabies virus (rhabdovirus) most commonly associated with?{{c1::Bats}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which virus caused by bats and raccoons commonly causes dysphagia, muscle spasms, and coma?{{c1::Rabies (rhabdovirus)}}
Published	03/24/2024	In addition to bilateral parotitis, mumps may also present with {{c1::orchitis}}, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Measles virus (rubeola)}} is characterized by a prodrome of cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and koplik spots, followed by a maculopapular rash th…
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