Notes in Exam 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/09/2025	macronutrients needs  has to be {{c1:: broken down}} so that it can be absorbed
Published	01/09/2025	Carbs are {{c1::water}} soluable, and is broken down by {{c1::amylases }}
Published	01/09/2025	Absorable forms of carbs : {{c1::Glucose}} , {{c1::fructose}} and {{c1::galactose }}
Published	01/09/2025	Carbs that needs to broken down : disaccharides ( {{c1::sucrose, lactose, maltose}}). Polysaccharides ( {{c1::starches, glycogen}})
Published	01/09/2025	Fat solubale vitamin: {{c1::A}},D, {{c1::E, K}}
Published	01/09/2025	adipose cell & {{c1::hepatocytes}}  stores lipids
Published	01/09/2025	Lipids have to move around with a {{c1::protein}} ( chylonmicron is a {{c1::lipoprotien}})
Published	01/09/2025	Chylomicron delivers {{c1::TAG }}to cells throughout the body- they are synthesized in the {{c1::enterocytes}}
Published	01/09/2025	VLDL : made in the liver from {{c1::excess fats}} {{c1::and cholesterol }}
Published	01/09/2025	HDL : recycles {{c1::cholesterol}} and use it to makes {{c1::steriods}}
Published	01/09/2025	LDL: delivers {{c1::cholesterol around}} the body.
Published	01/09/2025	Six process of digestion : {{c1::ingestion}}, {{c2::secretion,}} {{c3::mixing/propulsion}}, {{c5::digestion}}, {{c6::absorption}}, {{c4::defication}}
Published	01/09/2025	Mechanical digestion: {{c1::chewing food}} and adding enzymes from the mouth  and chemical digestion: {{c2::large carbs}}, {{c3::lipids, proteins…
Published	01/09/2025	Proteins needs to be broken down into {{c1::amino acids}} before they can be digested
Published	01/09/2025	lipds needs to be broken down to {{c1::fatty acids}} and {{c2::monglycerols }}
Published	01/09/2025	carbs come in the  form of {{c1::mono}} - {{c2::di- and polysaccharides }}
Published	01/09/2025	Protein is involed in the synthesis of {{c1::neurotransmitter}} and {{c2::hormomes }}
Published	01/09/2025	any amino acids that are larger than {{c1::3}} amino acids needs to be broke down by {{c1::protease }}
Published	01/09/2025	triglycerides are required for absorption of {{c1::fat}} soluble vitamins
Published	01/09/2025	lipids are mixed with {{c3::gastric}} liapse in the stomach which starts {{c1::emulsifaction}} - which works best at pH below {{c2::6.9}}
Published	01/09/2025	70-{{c1::90}}% of emsulsifaction & absorption occurs when bile is added -which pulls {{c2::lipids globules}} apart into droplets
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5256:top=.1087:width=.1183:height=.0316:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5375:top=.1515:width=.1578:height=.022…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::teeth}}, tongue {{c2::salivary glands}}, {{c3::liver}}, gallbladder and {{c4::pancreas}} are accesory digestive parts
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4297:top=.52:width=.1755:height=.0678:oi=1}}
Published	01/09/2025	Serosa : found on almost all of the {{c1::GI tracts }}
Published	01/09/2025	MALT is located in the {{c1::Lamina Propria}} ( middle layer of mucosa)
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0041:top=.74:width=.2325:height=.1178:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0245:top=.5526:width=.3409:height=.0803:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7716:top=.3306:width=.2009:height=.1871:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0019:top=.0062:width=.1851:height=.162…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Myenteric}} Plexus controls the contractions of the intestine
Published	01/09/2025	Submucosal plexus control {{c1::digestive secretion }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Foregut:}}  gives rise to : salivary glands, {{c2::esophagus}}, stomach, {{c3::liver,}} g{{c4::allbladder}}, pancreas, proximal duodenum
Published	01/09/2025	there are {{c1::four}} layer of GI tract from outer lay to inner most
Published	01/09/2025	the Four layers of the GI tracts are:  {{c1::Serosa}} or adventitia depending on the location ,{{c2::muscularis}}, {{c3::submuscosa}}, {{c4::muco…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4436:top=.7186:width=.1716:height=.061:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4594:top=.8407:width=.3973:height=.0458…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0734:top=.1785:width=.1648:height=.2876:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0982:top=.5169:width=.1625:height=.135…
Published	01/09/2025	Serosa is found on almost all part of the GI tract, composed of {{c1::areolar connective tissue}} and {{c2::simple squamous epithelium }}
Published	01/09/2025	Adventitia is a single layer of connective tissues for the {{c1::Esophagus}}, {{c2::proximal duodenum,}} head/ body of the {{c3::pancreas}} & {{c4…
Published	01/09/2025	Muscularis:  voluntary muscle found in the  {{c1::mouth}}, {{c2::pharynx}}, superior {{c3::aspect of the esophagus}}
Published	01/09/2025	smooth muscle portion of the {{c1::muscularis}} is {{c2::involuntary }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::submucosa}} consists of areolar connective tissues that bind mucosa to the {{c2::muscularis }}
Published	01/09/2025	the submucosal plexus is found between the {{c1::submucosal}} layer and muscualris {{c2::mucosea }}
Published	01/09/2025	Mucosa is the {{c1::inner}} lining of the GI tract
Published	01/09/2025	the {{c2::Muscularis}} mucosae is the layer that cause the mucous membrane to have {{c1::folded apperance }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c2::Mucosa assocaited lymphatic tissues}} {{c1::( MALT)}} are located in the {{c3::lamina propria}} of the mucosa
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Epithelium}} cells in the mucosa are repalced every 5-7 days. The non-{{c2::keratinzied}} stratified squamous type are found in the {{c3::mouth}…
Published	01/09/2025	Simple {{c1::columnar}} cells are found in the {{c2::stomach}} and {{c3::intestine,}} they have {{c4::tight junctions}} between cells to prevent leaka…
Published	01/09/2025	Foregut give rise to the upper regions: {{c1::salivary glands}}, {{c3::esophagus}}, {{c4::stomach}}, liver {{c5::gallbladder}}, {{c6::pancreas}}, {{c2…
Published	01/09/2025	Midgut give rise to middle region: middle and distal {{c1::duodenum}}, {{c2::jejunum,}} {{c3::ileum}}, {{c4::cecum}}, {{c5::appendix}}, {{c6::ascendin…
Published	01/09/2025	hindgut gives rise of 1/3 of {{c1::transverse colon}} {{c2::descedning colon}}, {{c3::sigmoid colon,}} rectum and {{c4::proximal anal}} canal
Published	01/09/2025	Foregut pain referred to {{c1::epigastrium}}
Published	01/09/2025	Midgut pain referred to {{c1::peri-umbilical region}}
Published	01/09/2025	Hindgut pain referrs to {{c1::suprapubic region}}
Published	01/09/2025	the enteric nervous system is Considered to be the {{c1::“brain” of the gut}}.
Published	01/09/2025	Arranged in {{c1::two plexuses}}, {{c2::Myenteric (or Auerbach) plexus}} located between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the {{…
Published	01/09/2025	The Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus controls the majority of {{c1::GI tract motility}}, particularly the {{c2::frequency and strength }} contraction&…
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::Submucosal (Meissner) plexus}} contains motor neurons that supply the {{c2::secretory cells of the mucosal epithelium}}, controlling :secret…
Published	01/09/2025	Peritoneum is the {{c1::largest serous membrane}} in the body
Published	01/09/2025	peritoneum consist of layer of simple {{c1::squamous}} epithelium
Published	01/09/2025	retroperitoneal organs are made of {{c1::adventitia }}
Published	01/09/2025	the greater Omentum is the largest fold. it is connects to the {{c1::transverse colon}}, small i{{c2::ntestine}}, {{c3::stomach}}, duodenum,
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Falciform ligamen}}t: attaches the liver to the anterior of the abdominal wall * liver is the only organ attached to the anterior abdominal wall…
Published	01/09/2025	Lesser omentum: starts from the serosa of the {{c1::stomach}} and duodenum and attaches to the {{c2::liver }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::the portal vein,}} {{c3::common hepatic artery}} common bile duct, and some lymph nodes are housed in the {{c2::lessser omentum }}
Published	01/09/2025	Mesentry binds {{c1::jejunum}} and ileum of SI to posterior {{c2::peritoneal wall}} ( wraps around SI)
Published	01/09/2025	Mesocolon first binds the {{c1::transverse}} colon and then the {{c2::sigmoid colon}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Frenula}} is the fold of tissue that restrict movement to which it is attached
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0553:top=.2205:width=.2257:height=.097:oi=1}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0372:top=.1063:width=.386:height=.1237:oi=1}}
Published	01/09/2025	palate forms the roof of the mouth,the hard palate is formed from the {{c1::palatine}} and {{c2::maxillae bones }}
Published	01/09/2025	The most commonly infected tonsils, often removed in childhood, are the {{c1::palatine tonsils}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::lingual tonsil}} is located at the base of the tongue, while the {{c2::pharyngeal tonsils}} (adenoids) are located on the superior portion o…
Published	01/09/2025	Saliva production increases during food consumption to {{c1::lubricate, dissolve, and chemically break down food}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The three major salivary glands are the {{c1::parotid}}, {{c2::submandibular}}, and {{c3::sublingual}} glands.
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::parotid gland}} secretes saliva into the oral cavity via the {{c2::parotid duct (Stenson’s duct)}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::submandibular glands}} open into the oral cavity proper via the {{c2::Wharton’s ducts}}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6338:top=.3838:width=.2068:height=.0569:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.66:top=.8915:width=.3242:height=.0541:…
Published	01/09/2025	Saliva is composed of 99.5% {{c1::water}} and 0.5% {{c2::solutes}}.
Published	01/09/2025	saliva also contains {{c1::IgA,}} lysozymes and {{c2::salivary amylase}}
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::parotid glands}} secrete a watery liquid containing {{c2::salivary alpha-amylase}}.
Published	01/09/2025	Submandibular glands are similar to {{c1::parotid}} and salivary {{c2::amylayse}}. it also has mucos
Published	01/09/2025	Water in saliva helps with {{c1::dissolving}} food, allows for tasting by the g{{c2::ustatory receptors }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Bicarb}} and {{c1::phospahte}} in saliva helps to  buffer acidic environment in the mouth
Published	01/09/2025	Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of {{c1::carbohydrates}}, while {{c2::bicarbonate}} buffers the acidic environment in the mouth.
Published	01/09/2025	Salivary amylase is activated by {{c1::Chloride }}
Published	01/09/2025	{c1::Sjogren syndrome}} is an autoimmune disease that primarily attacks the {{c2::salivary and lacrimal glands}}.
Published	01/09/2025	Treatments for Sjogren syndrome include {{c1::hydration}}, {{c2::eye lubrication drops}}, and {{c3::sialogogues}} like lemon drops.
Published	01/09/2025	The average daily production of saliva is {{c1::1000-1500 mL}}.
Published	01/09/2025	During stress, sympathetic stimulation dominates, leading to {{c1::xerostomia (dry mouth)}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::facial (VII)}} and {{c2::glossopharyngeal (IX)}} nerves stimulate salivation in response to food.
Published	01/09/2025	The tongue is composed of {{c1::skeletal muscle}} covered with a mucous membrane and forms the floor of the oral cavity
Published	01/09/2025	The tongue attaches {{c1::inferiorly}} to the hyoid bone, {{c2::styloid }}process of the temporal bone and mandible
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::lingual frenulum}} is a fold of mucous membrane that limits the movement of the tongue posteriorly.
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Ankyloglossia}} is a condition where the lingual frenulum is abnormally short, rigid, or anteriorly placed, causing "tongue-tie."
Published	01/09/2025	The tongue contains {{c1::lingual glands (Von Ebner’s glands)}}, which secrete {{c2::lingual lipase}}.
Published	01/09/2025	Dorsal/ upper surface of the tongue and {{c1::lateral surface}} are covered with {{c2::papillae }}
Published	01/09/2025	The {{c1::vallate papillae}} form an inverted "V" at the back of the tongue and contain {{c2::100-300 taste buds each}}.
Published	01/09/2025	Fungiform: {{c1::mushroom}} shaped scattered over {{c2::entire}} tongue, each contians {{c3::5}} taste bud
Published	01/09/2025	Foliate: located  in small {{c1::trenches}} on {{c2::lateral }}  margin of tongue
Published	01/09/2025	filiform: {{c1::pointed, threadlike}} found on the {{c2::entire}} tongue: contains no taste bud but do have {{c3::tacticle}} receptors
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7081:top=.6723:width=.2359:height=.0388:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.681:top=.7666:width=.2779:height=.0652…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2773:top=.1508:width=.1327:height=.0264:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.549:top=.1813:width=.1232:height=.0305…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4501:top=.2799:width=.3435:height=.2174:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5418:top=.5967:width=.4185:height=.151…
Published	01/09/2025	Pharynxis comped of {{c1::skeletal muscle}} and lined with {{c2::mucous}} membrane
Published	01/09/2025	Esophagus: collapsible {{c1::muscular}} tube - gores through the diaphragm by the {{c2::esophageal hiatus }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0991:top=.223:width=.1566:height=.0416:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1001:top=.363:width=.1873:height=.0291:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7491:top=.3367:width=.1181:height=.0791:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7334:top=.5822:width=.133:height=.0735…
Published	01/09/2025	the process of swallowing, or {{c1::deglutition}}, involves three stages: {{c2::voluntary}}, {{c3::pharyngeal}}, and {{c4::esophageal}}.
Published	01/09/2025	During the {{c1::pharyngeal stage}} of swallowing, the {{c2::epiglottis}} covers the larynx to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.
Published	01/09/2025	During the {{c1::pharyngeal stage}} of swallowing, the {{c2::epiglottis}} covers the larynx to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.
Published	01/09/2025	Esophageal stage: bolus entered the {{c1::esophagus}} then {{c2::peristalsis}} pushes the bolus onward
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)}} occurs when the {{c2::lower esophageal sphincter (LES)}} fails to close adequately, allowing stomach co…
Published	01/09/2025	The stomach connects the {{c1::esophagus}} to theduodenum and serves as a {{c2::mixing chamber and holding reservoir}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The four main regions of the stomach are the {{c1::cardia}}, {{c2::fundus}}, {{c3::body}}, and {{c4::pyloric part}}.
Published	01/09/2025	The stomach's muscularis layer has three layers of smooth muscle: {{c1::longitudinal}}, {{c2::circular}}, and {{c3::oblique}}.
Published	01/09/2025	he stomach's mucosa contains {{c1::gastric pits}} and {{c2::gastric glands}}, which secrete digestive products into the stomach lumen.
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1635:top=.2021:width=.1778:height=.0374:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1819:top=.6834:width=.111:height=.0374…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::greater}} curvature of the stomach continues as the greater omentum , lesser curvature continue upwards to the {{c2::liver}} as the lesser oment…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1109:top=.75:width=.1728:height=.0721:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4013:top=.7528:width=.1166:height=.0999:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Chief cells}} in the stomach secrete {{c2::pepsinogen}}, which is activated to {{c3::pepsin}} by stomach acid to digest proteins.
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Parietal cells}} secrete {{c2::hydrochloric acid (HCl)}}, which activates pepsinogen, and {{c3::intrinsic factor}}, which is essential for vitam…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::G-cells}} in the stomach secrete {{c2::gastrin}}, which stimulates {{c3::HCl production}}, epithelial repair, and histamine release
Published	01/09/2025	The stomach's mucosa contains {{c1::gastric pits}} and {{c2::gastric glands}}, which secrete digestive products into the stomach lumen.
Published	01/09/2025	The surface of mucosa ( {{c1::goblet cells}}) secretes a mucous rich in {{c2::bicarb }}
Published	01/09/2025	gastric pit/glands form {{c1::deep crevices}} within the mucosa
Published	01/09/2025	gastric pit contains {{c1::three}} types of cells : {{c2::chiefs cells}} ( exocrine lumen), {{c3::parietal cells}} ( exocrine lumen) &  {{c4:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Luminal peptide}} ( proteins) and HCL causes chief cells to secrete {{c2::pepsinogin}} and converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Published	01/09/2025	Gastrin releasing {{c2::peptide}} stimulates {{c1::parietal cells}} to secrete HCL
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::G-cells}} in the stomach secrete {{c2::gastrin}}, which stimulates {{c3::HCl production}}, epithelial repair, and histamine release ( from enter…
Published	01/09/2025	Parcrine secrets to {{c1::neighborning cells}} while endocrine {{c2::secretes to blood }}
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::D-cells}} ( somatostatin aka GHIH) secretes hormone into the {{c2::interstitium}} which then inhibits gastrin release
Published	01/09/2025	enterochromaffin cells secretes {{c1::histamine}} which activates parietal cells to produce {{c2::HCL}}
Published	01/11/2025	The gastric diffusion barrier prevents HCl from reaching chief cells, which would otherwise activate pepsinogen inside the cell, leading to {{c1::pept…
Published	01/11/2025	Eructation is the physiological venting of excessive gastric air, which occurs when gases stretch the {{c1::cardia}} of the stomach.
Published	01/11/2025	The {{c2::pancreas}} is a mostly retroperitoneal gland that functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ, measuring approximately {{c1::5-6 inche…
Published	01/11/2025	The pancreas functions as both {{c1::endocrine}} and {{c2::exocrine cells }}
Published	01/11/2025	the Exocrine cells in the pancras are {{c1::Acini}} which are cluster of glandular cells that produce {{c2::digestive fluids}}
Published	01/11/2025	the {{c1::pancreatic islet }}are endocrine cells that produce {{c2::hormones }}
Published	01/11/2025	The major pancreatic duct ( {{c1::duct of Wirsung}}) merges with the {{c2::common bile}} duct and form  the hepatopancratic ampulla ( {{c3::ampul…
Published	01/11/2025	The pancreas produces 1200-1500mL of pancreatic juice daily, which is slightly alkaline--which buffer {{c1::acidic gastric juice}} in chyme and stops …
Published	01/11/2025	Trypsin's function  : {{c1::protein digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	chymotrypsin: {{c1::protein digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Carboxypeptidase: {{c1::protein digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Elastase: {{c1::protein digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Pancreatic amylasae: {{c1::carbohydrate digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Pancreatic lipase: main {{c1::triglyceride digestor }}
Published	01/11/2025	Phospholipasae: {{c1::phospholipd digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Cholesterol esterase : aids in {{c1::cholesterol digestion }}
Published	01/11/2025	Trypsinogen is the inactive form of  {{c1::Trypsin }}
Published	01/11/2025	Chymotrypsinogen is the  inactive form of {{c1::Chymotrypsin}}
Published	01/11/2025	Procarboxypeptidase is the inactive form of {{c1::Carboxypeptidase}}
Published	01/11/2025	Prolastase is the inactive form {{c1::Elastase }}
Published	01/11/2025	The pancreactic cells may release {{c2::trypsin}} instead of trypsinogen which can cause a{{c1::cute pancreatitis }}
Published	01/11/2025	The liver is the {{c2::heaviest gland}} in the body, weighing approximately {{c1::3 lbs}} and is the {{c3::largest}} internal organ.
Published	01/11/2025	The liver synthesizes and stores triglycerides, lipoproteins, and cholesterol, playing a crucial role in {{c1::lipid metabolism}}.
Published	01/11/2025	when plasma glucose is low {{c1::glycogenolysis}} is started
Published	01/11/2025	When plasma glucose is high {{c1::glycogenesis}} is started
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::glucoNEOgenesis}} is when triglycerides, {{c2::galactose}} and fructose is used to make glucose
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1718:top=.2585:width=.2195:height=.0494:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3934:top=.3418:width=.0865:height=.034…
Published	01/11/2025	Hepatocytes synthesize : A Cool Liver Creates Bile {{c1::Albumin and other transport proteins C: Clotting factors L: Lipoproteins, fatty acids, a…
Published	01/11/2025	Hepatic sinusoids are {{c1::permeable blood capilaries}} between rows of hepatocytes
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::Kupffer}} cells are fixed phagocytes found with the sinusoids that helps {{c2::filter blood }}
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5014:top=.1505:width=.0989:height=.034:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6936:top=.6412:width=.0933:height=.0216…
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0631:top=.1535:width=.1892:height=.034:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0481:top=.2215:width=.2762:height=.0525…
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::Hepatic}} loubles are the major functional unit of the liver
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::acetaldehyde}} is a by product of ethanol which creates {{c1::oxidative}} stress in the liver
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0534:top=.3982:width=.1769:height=.0538:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0563:top=.516:width=.3626:height=.074:…
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5154:top=.2714:width=.0848:height=.1374:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5943:top=.4881:width=.2822:height=.132…
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0352:top=.3356:width=.1153:height=.0247:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0304:top=.7492:width=.185:height=.0586…
Published	01/11/2025	The liver synthesizes and secretes {{c1::600-1000mL}} of bile daily, which has a pH of {{c2::7.6-8.6}}.
Published	01/11/2025	Bile contains water, ions, {{c2::bilirubin,}} cholesterol, and bile acids, which are conjugated with taurine or glycine to form {{c1::bile salts}}.
Published	01/11/2025	Bile acids produced by the {{c1::hepatocytes}} are end product of {{c2::cholesterol}} metabolism
Published	01/11/2025	digestion of lipid in the stomach produce l{{c1::arge lipid drops}} which are further broken down by {{c2::bile salts}} in the small intestine
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::Bile acid sequestrants}} stops bile acid from breaking down fats, the large fats   then gets excreted in {{c2::feces }}
Published	01/11/2025	Bilirubin, a degradation product of RBCs, is conjugated in the liver with {{c1::glucuronic acid}} to enhance its solubility for excretion in bile.
Published	01/11/2025	: Bilirubin is converted into {{c1::urobilinogen}} in the intestines, which is further converted into {{c2::urobilin}} (excreted in urine) and {{c3::s…
Published	01/14/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3761:top=.453:width=.1289:height=.0229:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3388:top=.1449:width=.1046:height=.0187…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0527:top=.6424:width=.106:height=.1041:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2231:top=.784:width=.073:height=.0312:o…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0312:top=.2552:width=.1303:height=.05:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1773:top=.1969:width=.0988:height=.0375:…
Published	01/13/2025	jaundice is due to mostly {{c1::unconjugated bilirubin}} in the {{c2::extracellular spaces }}
Published	01/14/2025	What plexus controls the muscularis?
Published	01/14/2025	Where are S-cells found in the intestine and what are their purpose?
Published	01/14/2025	Which cell promotes satiety?
Published	01/14/2025	Which cells in the intestinal mucosa secrete lysozymes (bacterial enzymes) to fight bacteria?
Published	01/14/2025	Where are the microvilli located?
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.9:top=.4842:width=.0803:height=.0791:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8946:top=.759:width=.1041:height=.0479:oi…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0725:top=.376:width=.0679:height=.1041:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7352:top=.5737:width=.0915:height=.0541…
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::Hemolytic}} Jaudice is when RBC is hemolyzed at higher rate than normal than which the {{c2::liver}} can't keep
Published	01/14/2025	Name the muscular portion of the large intestine that creates the haustra.
Published	01/13/2025	No {{c1::enzymes}} are secreted in the large intestine
Published	01/14/2025	Why are there no enzymes secreted in the colon?
Published	01/13/2025	Bacteria break down remaining {{c1::nutrients}} and releases {{c1::gases}} ( skatole, hydrogen sulfide)
Published	01/13/2025	conjugated bilirubin is secred into the {{c1::small intestine }}
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::bacteria}} removed glucouronic acid from bilirubin which then become {{c2::urobilinogen }}
Published	01/13/2025	urobilinogen that gets transported to the kidneys are convereted to {{c1::urobilin }}
Published	01/13/2025	urobilinogen that remains in the intestine is oxidiased by bacteria to {{c1::stercobilin }}
Published	01/13/2025	yellowish coloration of the sclerea is called {{c1::iterus }}
Published	01/13/2025	obstructive jaundice is due to {{c1::blocked bile}} ducts or damage to {{c2::hepatic}} cells
Published	01/13/2025	{{c1::Physiological}} jaundice is when newborn cannot fully break down bilirubin
Published	01/13/2025	gallbaldder stores and {{c1::concentrate bile}}
Published	01/13/2025	As blood passes through the {{c1::sinusoids}} in the spleen , {{c2::macophages}} removes microorganism
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