Notes in IB702 - exam #3

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Published	05/10/2024	What is the PO2 & PCO2 in the following:1) arterial blood2) alveoli3) dry air4) cells5) venous blood
Published	05/10/2024	CO2 transport:HCO3- = __%HbCO2 = __%dissolved CO2 = __%
Published	05/10/2024	O2 transport:HbO2 = __%dissolved O2 = __%
Published	05/10/2024	Ideal gas law =
Published	05/10/2024	Partial pressures:1) what is the math similar to?2) what is it proportional to?
Published	05/10/2024	Patm, air pressure is:1) given by what?2) what is it at sea level?3) what is equal to?
Published	05/10/2024	Henry's law =(2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is gas diffusion driven by?- describe partial pressure at equilibrium
Published	05/10/2024	Blood contains:1) __ grams Hb / ___ mL2) Hb binds ___ mL O2 / gram3) whole blood at full saturation contains ___ mL O2 / ___ mL
Published	05/10/2024	What does Hb allow for?
Published	05/10/2024	CO2 transport:1) HCO3- = __%2) HbCO2 = __%3) dissolved CO2 = __%
Published	05/10/2024	O2 transport:1) HbO2 > ___%2) dissolved O2 <___%
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the bicarbonate buffer system (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Alveolar diffusion gradient (2)- where will analogous gradients exist?
Published	05/10/2024	Diffusion depends on ___ differences, connective (bulk) flow depends on ___ differences
Published	05/10/2024	Vol % =
Published	05/10/2024	In dissolved O2:1) what is vol %?2) how much O2/min does a man need at rest?3) how much will this increase normal cardiac output?4) what will the hypo…
Published	05/10/2024	In Hb bound O2:1) what does the amount of O2 carried depend on?2) what is the Hb saturation level?
Published	05/10/2024	O2 content =
Published	05/10/2024	Between an anemic & normal individual, what causes decreased oxygen content in blood?
Published	05/10/2024	How much vol % is extracted by mitochondria?1) Po2 at 50% saturation?2) does anemia affect O2 demand or P50?
Published	05/10/2024	Does right-shifting favor loading or unloading at tissues?
Published	05/10/2024	How does each of the effects affect the hemoglobin saturation curves:1) bohr effect2) 2,3-BPG3) increased temp4) Haldane effect
Published	05/10/2024	Fick Equation = (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Extraction level =
Published	05/10/2024	Factors that affect venous return of O2 (4)
Published	05/10/2024	PaO2 depends on: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Anemia hemoglobin saturation curve:1) what is the effect on the curve?2) what is the effect on O2 consumption?3) what is the effect on O2 extraction?4…
Published	05/10/2024	What is P50 of O2 in anemic & normal blood?
Published	05/10/2024	Mutant Hb: (P50 = 20 mmHg)1) what is the effect on dissociation curve?2) what is the effect on O2 consumption?3) what is the effect on O2 extraction?4…
Published	05/10/2024	What are left-shift mechanisms? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Haldane effect = __Bohr effect = __
Published	05/10/2024	Bohr effect CO2 reactions (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Gases dissociate on 2 curves - O2 dissociation1) where does it begin?2) where does it end?
Published	05/10/2024	Gases dissociate on 2 curves - CO2 dissociation1) where does it begin?2) where does it end?
Published	05/10/2024	Gases dissociate on 2 curves - the actual (combined) curve has: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Chloride shift:1) in venous blood2) in lungs
Published	05/10/2024	Chloride __ in venous blood & chloride __ in lungs
Published	05/10/2024	>__% of CO2 is processed by RBC forming: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	CA localization to RBC has 2 effects:
Published	05/10/2024	Alveolar ventilation
Published	05/10/2024	Minute volume / total ventilation = (2)
Published	05/10/2024	VA =
Published	05/10/2024	Values of ventilation:1) breaths/min2) tidal volume3) minute volume4) what is the breathing cycle
Published	05/10/2024	Tidal inspiration:1) mL = dead space?2) mL = exchangeable?
Published	05/10/2024	Tidal expiration:1) first mL = dead space?2) next mL = alveolar gas?3) what happens to the dead space at end of expiration?
Published	05/10/2024	Fowler method (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Bohr method (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Bohr equation =
Published	05/10/2024	Alveolar ventilation (VA) modifies: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	When VA goes to infinity: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is respiratory exchange ratio (R) for the following:1) glucose2) fat3) typical
Published	05/10/2024	What does the alveolar equation relate?
Published	05/10/2024	Overall respiratory process:1) ___: exchange of air btw atmosphere & alveoli by ___2) exchange of O2 & CO2 btw alveolar air & blood in lung capillarie…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the purpose of gas exchange? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How does the body modulate gas exchange? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Lung histology: what are the 2 kinds of airways? - give an example of each
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 important things that the upper airway accomplishes?- what aids these 3 things?
Published	05/10/2024	Division of the airways:1) irregular ___ branching that happens __ times to increase ___ for?2) what does parallel flow lower? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What branches of the lower airway have the following characteristics:1) partly rigid (cartilage) (3)2) partly pliable (1)3) partly respiratory (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Because bronchioles are pliable they are ___ & get their caliber from? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What size particles are deposited in the upper airway?- lower airway / alveoli?
Published	05/10/2024	How are particles removed from lower airways?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the 2 layers of the mucociliary escalator- what happens in cystic fibrosis?
Published	05/10/2024	Spirometric volumes vs capacities
Published	05/10/2024	What spirometric volumes are measured by spirometry? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What volume falls below the spirometry pen?- how is it measured?
Published	05/10/2024	Vital capacity = __ + ___ + ___
Published	05/10/2024	Males vs females pulmonary values- what values are greater for males? (3)- what values are about the same? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Males have more capacity for O2 exchange which means what?
Published	05/10/2024	Label spirometric volume graph
Published	05/10/2024	Compositions:1) dead space at FRC?2) initial 150 mL of tidal inspiration entering lungs?3) final 350 mL of tidal inspiration entering lungs?4) dead sp…
Published	05/10/2024	How does helium dilution work? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 ways that thoracic volume increases?- what will an increased thoracic volume cause?
Published	05/10/2024	A normal lung at rest is at what pressure? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Elastic recoil of ___ pulls outwards; elastic recoil of ___ pulls inward- what mediates collapse?
Published	05/10/2024	2 ways to inflate lung
Published	05/10/2024	3 categories of pneumothorax- which is most life-threatening & why?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the collapsing forces in the lung? (2)- how are these collapsing forces overcome?
Published	05/10/2024	If tension was the same, small alveoli would empty into larger alveoli, why does this not happen?
Published	05/10/2024	Define recoil pressure
Published	05/10/2024	Lung surfactant:1) from what cells?2) what is it made up of?3) how is it distributed?
Published	05/10/2024	What does surfactant accomplish? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What are 2 implications of premature infants lacking surfactant?
Published	05/10/2024	Demo of surfactant efficacy:1) normal lung compliance breathing is because of? (2)2) filling the lung with liquid does what?3) lung compliance breathi…
Published	05/10/2024	Respiratory system compliance:1) chest wall equilibrium = __L2) chest wall + lung equilibrium = __L3) lung equilibrium = __L
Published	05/10/2024	Respiratory system compliance, describe the forces at the following volumes:1) 5L2) 4L3) 3L4) 0.5L
Published	05/10/2024	Is compliance greater at lower or higher volumes for isolated lung?- lower or higher volumes for isolated chest wall?
Published	05/10/2024	Does surfactant increase or decrease compliance?
Published	05/10/2024	Does the intact respiratory system or its isolated parts (lung + chest wall) have a greater compliance?
Published	05/10/2024	Maximal inspiratory efforts against closed airway called =maximal expiratory efforts against closed airway called =
Published	05/10/2024	At what volumes is the pressure = 0 in the airway opening? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Static respiratory efforts; describe position of lung & chest wall when:1) maximum pressure = 02) inspiratory pressure is most negative3) expiratory p…
Published	05/10/2024	What pressures consume extra ATP?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 changes that modify respiratory work (pressure x volume)?
Published	05/10/2024	How can disease, accidents, and exercise affect ventilation?
Published	05/10/2024	Transmural pressures:1) P elastic recoil =2) P chest wall =3) P respiratory system =
Published	05/10/2024	A transmural pressure is also called a:
Published	05/10/2024	Positive recoil pressures are ___ & favor __
Published	05/10/2024	What is regional variation of recoil pressure caused by?1) where is it more positive?2) what does that^ cause?
Published	05/10/2024	What does decreasing pressure in the pleura overcome? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How does decreasing pressure in the pleura overcome elastic recoil? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 components of pleural / total pressure?
Published	05/10/2024	Change in pleural pressure =
Published	05/10/2024	Where are 3 places where Pfr is equal to 0?
Published	05/10/2024	Pressure-volume loops, at any given volume:1) P out to dash line overcomes ___2) P rightward of dash line overcomes ___
Published	05/10/2024	Hysteresis definition
Published	05/10/2024	Recoil potential energy1) what is it?2) when is it stored?3) what is its quantity given by?
Published	05/10/2024	Flow-associated energy1) what is it?2) what is its quantity given by?
Published	05/10/2024	When is spontaneous expiration possible?
Published	05/10/2024	Laminar flow is ___ work1) what law is it given by? what is this law analogous to?2) pressure is given by a ___ ___ of flow3) what does it have a 4th …
Published	05/10/2024	Turbulent flow is ___ work1) what is lamina broken apart by?2) what does it increase?3) when does turbulence & resistance decrease?
Published	05/10/2024	What is Reynold's number?- what number indicates turbulence?
Published	05/10/2024	In what conditions is heliox used? (3)- why?
Published	05/10/2024	In the following heliox situations, do the factors increase or decrease?1) obstruction: __ radius, __ velocity, __ turbulence, ___ work2) scuba: __ de…
Published	05/10/2024	Radial traction (Raw)1) what is it?2) how does it increase airway radius? (less resistance)3) how is this affected by emphysema?
Published	05/10/2024	Lung inflation:1) increased or decreased Raw?2) increased/decreased flow at increased/decreased pressure?3) therefore, work increases or decreases?
Published	05/10/2024	Dynamic airway collapse:1) early expiratory flow is effort-___ & depends on?2) late expiratory flow is effort-___ & depends on?
Published	05/10/2024	Dynamic airway collapse means that:
Published	05/10/2024	During forced expiration, pressure oscillation in dynamic collapse occurs because:
Published	05/10/2024	Forced expiration occurs when:
Published	05/10/2024	Pressure oscillation in dynamic collapse is known as:
Published	05/10/2024	Emphysema:1) what does overlap btw the normal & forced expiration signify?2) is tidal volume affected?3) what will result bc of extensive & early dyna…
Published	05/10/2024	Pulmonary circulation:1) __ blood flow - why?2) __ pressure3) __ resistance4) right & left heart are in series or parallel?
Published	05/10/2024	How does pulmonary blood pressure stay low? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What does variable resistance allow for during dramatic flow increase (exercise)?
Published	05/10/2024	Systemic vs pulmonary circulation:1) which has greater change in pressure?2) which has greater resistance?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the fick principle allow us to calculate?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	How are the lungs & gas exchange affected in the following conditions:1) well-balanced starling forces2) positive-balance starling forces
Published	05/10/2024	What can increase pressure in the capillaries of lungs? what does this increase the risk of?
Published	05/10/2024	How does the lung respond to an increased cardiac output from the heart?
Published	05/10/2024	What is regional blood flow in lung caused by? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the blood flow extremes:1) zone 1 apex2) zone 2 mid-lung3) zone 3 base
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of vessels in the lung?
Published	05/10/2024	Alveolar vessels1) what are they surrounded by?2) what determines patency?3) when do they collapse?
Published	05/10/2024	Parenchymal vessels1) what are they surrounded by?2) what is their resistance at low volumes? (caliber factor #1)3) what is their resistance at high v…
Published	05/10/2024	Negative or positive transmural pressures collapse alveolar vessels?- where else do we see collapse of post capillary venules?
Published	05/10/2024	Pulmonary blood pressure consists of ___ resistance
Published	05/10/2024	What is hypoxic vasoconstriction? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the only active regulator of blood flow?
Published	05/10/2024	What occurs when there is uniform decrease in pressure of O2 in alveoli? (such as breathing at high altitude) (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What does hypoxic vasoconstriction match? - what does this help minimize?
Published	05/10/2024	What is hypoxic vasoconstriction independent of?
Published	05/10/2024	What does alveolar ventilation (VA) provide for?1) what does blood flow (Q) provide for?2) together, what does the VA/Q ratio determine?
Published	05/10/2024	V/Q ratio extremes, describe CO2 & O2 equilibration:1) normal2) zero3) infinite
Published	05/10/2024	What will abnormal V/Q ratio affect? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Impact on A - a difference is seen in ___ lungs
Published	05/10/2024	6 principle causes of arterial hypoxemia- which occur in homogenous & which occur in heterogenous lungs?
Published	05/10/2024	Homogenous, hypoventilation:1) mismatch?2) VA/Q =3) A-a =4) low alveolar & arterial ___5) high alveolar & arterial ___
Published	05/10/2024	Hypoxic gas mixture would result in abnormally high or low CO2?
Published	05/10/2024	Inspired O2 is affected by: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Hypoventilation causes increased __ & decreased __:how will the following affect hypoxemia?1) increased frequency?2) increased tidal volume?3) increas…
Published	05/10/2024	Hypoxemia is PaO2=PAO2 PaCO2=PACO2 >___ mmHg
Published	05/10/2024	If VT-VD=0, what does this mean?
Published	05/10/2024	What are non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema? (5)- what does this impair?
Published	05/10/2024	Diffusion impairment: how does it affect equilibration?1) what will arterial PO2 be?2) will O2 content reflect degree of saturation?3) what will O2 ex…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the end-capillary O2 content of 100 ml blood?
Published	05/10/2024	Shunt equation1) what does it solve?2) what sees O2?3) what cannot see O2?4) can treating a patient with O2 help a shunt?
Published	05/10/2024	VA/Q mismatch1) alveolar obstruction results in lower:2) blood obstruction result in lower:3) lung heterogeneity vs shunt
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the bottom of the lung more ventilated?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a hallmark of underlying VA/Q pathology?
Published	05/10/2024	What is by far the most prevalent gas exchange problem in pulmonary disease?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is CO2 content less affected by mismatch?- why is O2 content more affect?
Published	05/10/2024	Does gravity have a larger effect on regional blood flow or regional ventilation?
Published	05/10/2024	Does the top or bottom of the lung have higher alveolar PCO2?
Published	05/10/2024	How does exercise affect ventilation:perfusion ratio?
Published	05/10/2024	Does physiological dead space increase or decrease if the region of the lung has high VA/Q ratio?
Published	05/10/2024	What is more affected by VA/Q mismatch, CO2 or O2?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	Off-setting change in content of mismatched blood gases:1) negligible for __2) substantial for __
Published	05/10/2024	Pathological ___ regional mismatch (VA/Q)
Published	05/10/2024	Decreased VA/Q =-increased VA/Q =
Published	05/10/2024	How can 5 vol% set-point be maintained?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of the following central respiratory control centers:1) pneumotaxic center2) apneustic center3) central chemoreceptors4) dorsal r…
Published	05/10/2024	Key elements of descending inspiratory pathways:1) what do descending fibers from DRG & VRG neurons stimulate?2) what will then be innervated?3) what …
Published	05/10/2024	Central chemoreceptors respond indirectly to blood CO2 to regulate ventilation (hypercapnia)1) what can cross the BBB?2) how is the central chemorecep…
Published	05/10/2024	What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?1) where are they found?2) what is the most significant peripheral stimulus to ventilation?3) what does P…
Published	05/10/2024	Blood gases & pH regulate dopaminergic __ cells of peripheral chemoreceptor1) what is dopamine release controlled by?2) what can depolarize the cells?…
Published	05/10/2024	What reflex mediates the pulmonary stretch receptors? what does this inhibit & stimulates?1) where are stretch receptors located?2) where do stretch r…
Published	05/10/2024	What are cough/sneeze reflexes mediated by? where are these receptors found?1) what will receptors afferents travel to? via?2) what are the triggered …
Published	05/10/2024	What do juxtacapillary receptors trigger?1) what do the justacapillary receptors consist of?2) what do they respond to?3) what is the breathing patter…
Published	05/10/2024	What does skeletal muscle proprioceptors stimulate?1) what do proprioceptors detect changes in?2) what does proprioceptor activation predict?3) where …
Published	05/10/2024	What nuclei influence respiratory pattern?1) what does cold immersion cause?2) what do emotions such as anger cause?3) how does volitional control wor…
Published	05/10/2024	The urine produced in kidney travels to the __, to the ___, to the ___ for storage & then eliminated through the ___ by a reflex known as ___
Published	05/10/2024	How nephrons does a kidney have?1) what is the functional unit of the kidney?2) what is the function of the glomerulus? what is another name for the g…
Published	05/10/2024	Order of the different parts of the nephron (8)
Published	05/10/2024	What is fluid referred to once it enters the initial part of the tubule?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of nephrons?- describe the glomerulus, tubule, & blood supply- which is more common
Published	05/10/2024	The afferent arteriole has an intimate association with?1) what are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?2) what part of bowman's capsule surrounds the …
Published	05/10/2024	What are the major functions of the kidney? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What hormones & enzymes do the kidneys produce? (3)- what is the major function of each?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 renal processes?1) what is it called when the final elimination of tubular fluid is urine?2) what substances does urine contain?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe tubular secretion1) what is the pathway?2) how can substances for secretion be supplied?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe tubular reabsorption- what is the pathway?
Published	05/10/2024	What transport processes does secretion & reabsorption include? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What kind of plasma enters Bowman's space?1) where is glucose 100% reabsorbed?2) what substance reenters the tubules?3) what substance is 100% excrete…
Published	05/10/2024	Secretion vs reabsorption vs excretion
Published	05/10/2024	What is the composition of glomerular filtrate similar to? - why?
Published	05/10/2024	Glomerular filtration - what does the permeability of the glomerular membrane vary with? (2)1) small solutes are ___, while ___ are not2) what solutes…
Published	05/10/2024	How is net filtration pressure calculated?- what value is zero? why?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is pressure in glomerulus capillaries is higher than that in other capillary beds?
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