Notes in Physiology of Normal White Blood Cells LECTURE 27

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Published	01/07/2025	which process give rise to all blood cells?{{c1::haematopoiesis}}
Published	01/07/2025	what do white blood cells differentiate into?{{c1::myeloid cells: innate immunity (first responders)}}{{c1::granulocytes}}{{c1::phagocytes/APCs}}{{c1:…
Published	01/07/2025	granulocytesExamples:{{c1::neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells}}Features:{{c1::multilobed}} nucleicontain {{c1::cytoplasmic granules}…
Published	01/07/2025	phagocytes/APCs (3)Examples: {{c1::monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells}}
Published	01/07/2025	what are PRRs?{{c1::Pathogen Recognition Receptors}}
Published	01/07/2025	What are white blood cell receptors?{{c1::PRRs}} - present in all {{c1::myeloid}} white blood cells
Published	01/07/2025	what binds to PRRs on WBCs?{{c1::Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)}}{{c1::Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)}}
Published	01/07/2025	what are some examples of PRRs?{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)}}{{c1::C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs)}}
Published	01/07/2025	other than myeloid WBCs, where else can PRRs be found?{{c1::skin}} cells{{c1::epithelial and mucosal}} cells{{c1::vascular}} endothelia…
Published	01/07/2025	why are PRRs important?for the recognition of a variety of microorganisms and pathogens by {{c1::myeloid WBCs}} and initation of immune response
Published	01/07/2025	monocytes/macrophagesHow much of all WBC's do monocytes/macrophages make up?make up {{c1::2-12}}% of WBCsDescribe how monocytes/macrophages mature.ent…
Published	01/07/2025	Outline 3 features of macrophages{{c1::Professional APCs}} (bridge between innate + adaptive)antigen presentation is achieved through {{c1::MHC-I…
Published	01/07/2025	how do TLRs work?they interact with the protein {{c1::MyD88}}which leads to a {{c1::signalling}} cascadeleading to {{c1::inflammatory cytokines a…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the different macrophage receptors?{{c1::opsonin}} receptors (recognise antigen-antibody complexes){{c1::LPS}} receptors{{c1::Manno…
Published	01/07/2025	neutrophilsWhat % of all leukocytes in circulation are neutrophils?{{c1::50-70}}% of leukocytes in circulationWhat is the role of neutrophils?-innate-…
Published	01/07/2025	neutrophils migrate to site of infection {{c1::quickly}} and are essential for resolving {{c1::fungal}} infections
Published	01/07/2025	which chemokine leads to neutrophil recruitment and which cells produce it?{{c1::IL-8}}produced by: {{c1::macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial ce…
Published	01/07/2025	what do the granules of granulocytes contain?{{c1::proteases, antimicrobial proteins, histamine, protease inhibitors}}What do they do?they kill microb…
Published	01/07/2025	phagocytosis- pathogen is engulfed in?- fuses with?- combination of which enzymes and pH destroys pathogen?
Published	01/07/2025	eosinophilsWhat is a characteristic of eosinophils?characteristic granules that appear {{c1::dark pink/red}} when stained with H&E stainWhat …
Published	01/07/2025	What is atherogenesis caused by?atherogenesis is caused by damaged {{c1::endothelium}} that leads to release of {{c1::inflammatory}} cytokin…
Published	01/07/2025	mechanism of atherogenesis{{c1::monocytes}} circulating in blood - ingest LDLthey then migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages and …
Published	01/07/2025	how do monocytes ingest oxidised LDL?through {{c1::scavenger}} receptors
Published	01/07/2025	what do foam cells do?they can rupture, and release their molecular contentand release {{c1::cytokines and chemokines}} which recruit more {{c1::…
Published	01/07/2025	risks of atherosclerosis{{c1::aneurism}}/rupture{{c1::thrombus}}{{c1::stenosis}}
Published	01/07/2025	basophilsWhat do basophils contain? When are the contents released?contain {{c1::histamine}} granules{{c1::histamine}} released in response …
Published	01/07/2025	dendritic cellsWhat is the role of dendritic cells?capture {{c1::antigens (pAPCs)}} and subsequently present them to other immune cells{{c1::prov…
Published	01/07/2025	mast cellWhere do mast cells circulate and mature?immature mast cells leave {{c1::bone marrow}} and circulate {{c1::blood}}released to {{c1::tiss…
Published	01/07/2025	difference between mast cells and basophilsmast cells mature in {{c1::tissues}} whereas basophils circulate in the {{c1::blood}}
Published	01/07/2025	How do natural killer cells work?they contain a variety of {{c1::antigen recognition receptors}} as well as {{c1::cytotoxic granules}} that …
Published	01/07/2025	bacterial infectionIncreased {{c1::neutrophils}} ({{c1::monocytes}} in chronic infection)
Published	01/07/2025	viral infectionincreased {{c1::lymphocytes}} and sometimes increased {{c1::monocytes}}
Published	01/07/2025	parasite infectionsincreased {{c1::eosinophils}} and activation of {{c1::mast}} cells
Published	01/07/2025	fungal infectionsincreased {{c1::monocytes}}
Published	01/07/2025	allergyincreased {{c1::basophils}} (increased {{c1::eosinophils}} in chronic phase) and activation of {{c1::mast}} cells
Published	01/07/2025	What do cytokines do?cytokines {{c1::activate and regulate cellular response}}{{c1::IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-α}}
Published	01/07/2025	IL-8 is needed forthe recruitment of more {{c1::neutrophils}}
Published	01/07/2025	which cytokines are involved in inflammatory response?{{c1::IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-α}}
Published	01/07/2025	mechanisms of inflammation (3){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	basophils recognise {{c1::PAMPs and DAMPs}} and release {{c1::histamine}} as a response
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of PRR's on tissue resident _______ & _______ ?PRRs on tissue resident {{c1::dendritic cells and macrophages}} initiate the …
Published	01/07/2025	what is essential for leukocyte recruitment/tissue migration ?circulating {{c1::leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium}}achieved through: {{c…
Published	01/07/2025	CAMs families:{{c1::selectins}}{{c1::integrins}}
Published	01/07/2025	What are the ways inflammation can be regulated?{{c1::IL-10}} = anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages. It inhibits inflammatory cyto…
Published	01/07/2025	infectious causes of chronic inflammation: {{c1::unresolved infection, gut microbes}}non-infectious causes: {{c1::autoimmune response, allergic respon…
Published	01/07/2025	which inflammatory mediators are involved in chronic inflammation?{{c1::IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β}}
Published	01/07/2025	which blood cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::neutrophil}}{{c1::Multilobed nucleus. Rapidly recruited to the source of infection}}
Published	01/07/2025	what cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::platelet}}{{c1::Cell fragments. Irregularly shaped. No nucleus.}}
Published	01/07/2025	what cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::eosinophil}}Bilobed nucleus and granulated. Thought to play a role in {{c1::chronic allergy and defence a…
Published	01/07/2025	what cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::red blood cell}}{{c1::Anucleate biconcave disc. Contains haemoglobin}}
Published	01/07/2025	which cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::mast cell}}Mature in the {{c1::tissues}}. They contain granules with {{c1::histamine}} and are cont…
Published	01/07/2025	what cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::monocyte}}large nucleus. They can migrate to tissues and differentiate into {{c1::macrophages - no granul…
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Published	01/07/2025	Excessive inflammation can lead to {{c1::sepsis}}
Published	01/07/2025	Sepsis is characterised by:f{{c1::ever}}increased h{{c1::eartbeat}}increased rate of b{{c1::reathing}}{{c1::low}} blood pressure{{c1::circulatory…
Published	01/07/2025	Sepsis is caused by {{c1::septicaemia}} - blood infection involving gram + and gram negative bacteria
Published	01/07/2025	Sepsis - what causes increased production of cytokines and increased vasodilation?Activation of the {{c1::TLR4}} receptor and other PRRs causes a…
Published	01/07/2025	The following symptoms suggest:feverincreased heartbeatincreased rate of beathinglow blood pressurecirculatory problemscompromised organ function
Published	01/07/2025	increased eosinophils and activation of mast cells are a result of...
Published	01/07/2025	increased monocytes (only) are a result of what type of infection...
Published	01/07/2025	Increased neutrophils (monocytes in chronic infection) are a result of...
Published	01/07/2025	increased lymphocytes and sometimes increased monocytes are a result of...
Published	01/07/2025	increased basophils (increased eosinophils in chronic phase) and activation of mast cells is a result of...
Published	01/07/2025	which blood cell is this and how can you tell?{{c1::basophil}}{{c1::Lobed nuclei and heavily granulated cytoplasm non-phagocytic cells}}
Published	01/07/2025	T cells and B cells:can be distinguished from specific {{c1::surface membrane proteins}}and each have specific {{c1::membrane receptors (TCL & BCL…
Published	01/07/2025	What happens during sepsis?During sepsis:The inflammatory response is {{c1::amplified}}Phagocyte activity {{c1::destroys}} vascular endothelial cells.…
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