Notes in d. Protein Trafficking: Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Peroxiomal

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Published	07/28/2024	1eaf22a5e892409c99fbb4a39565024c-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	1eaf22a5e892409c99fbb4a39565024c-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	1eaf22a5e892409c99fbb4a39565024c-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	1eaf22a5e892409c99fbb4a39565024c-ao-4
Published	07/28/2024	What type of signal sequence is observed in proteins destined for nuclear import?
Published	07/28/2024	What type of signal sequence is observed in proteins destined for nuclear export?
Published	07/28/2024	What type of signal sequence is observed in proteins destined for mitochondrial import?
Published	07/28/2024	What type of signal sequence is observed in proteins destined for peroxisimal import?
Published	07/28/2024	The majority of traffic through the nuclear pores is {{c1::active}}
Published	07/28/2024	Small proteins can diffuse through the nuclear pores {{c1::passively}} (passively/actively)
Published	07/28/2024	Traffic through the nuclear pores is {{c1::bi}}-directional
Published	07/28/2024	As proteins move through the nuclear pores they are {{c1::folded}} (folded/unfolded?)
Published	07/28/2024	Cargo proteins that are being imported into the nucleus must first bind to {{c1::nuclear import receptors/importins}}
Published	07/28/2024	Cargo proteins that are being exported from the nucleus must first bind to {{c1::nuclear export receptors/exportins}}
Published	07/28/2024	fe01b67851e84857a10097b8a6553ebb-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	fe01b67851e84857a10097b8a6553ebb-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	GEFs stands for {{c1::Guanine exchange factors}}
Published	07/28/2024	GAPs stands for {{c1::GTPase activating protein}}
Published	07/28/2024	4fa076d3c4b8476cbb43fcbe7932104b-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	4fa076d3c4b8476cbb43fcbe7932104b-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	4fa076d3c4b8476cbb43fcbe7932104b-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	4fa076d3c4b8476cbb43fcbe7932104b-ao-4
Published	07/28/2024	4fa076d3c4b8476cbb43fcbe7932104b-ao-5
Published	07/28/2024	Ran-GTP binds to importins/exportins in the {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	07/28/2024	Ran-GDP dissassociates from importins/exportins in the {{c1::cytosol}}
Published	07/28/2024	GAPs catalyze what reaction?
Published	07/28/2024	GEFs catalyze what reaction?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Nuclear transport factor (NTF1)}} is responsible for binding Ran-GDP and transporting it back into the {{c2::nucleus}}
Published	07/28/2024	By what 3 mechanisms can defects in nuclear transport occur?
Published	07/28/2024	Proteins imported into mitochondria are released from ribosomes and translocated {{c1::post}}-translationally
Published	07/28/2024	Mitochondrial precursor proteins are maintained in a translocation component in an {{c1::unfolded::(folded/unfolded)}} state by binding to {{c2::…
Published	07/28/2024	Translocation of proteins into mitochondria depends on an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal that has an {{c1::amphipathic}} {{c2::al…
Published	07/28/2024	Protein translocators in the mitochondrial membrane are the {{c1::TOM/TIM complex}}
Published	07/28/2024	For proteins to go through the TOM/TIM complex they must be {{c1::unfolded}}
Published	07/28/2024	Once a protein is imported into the mitochondria, what processing must occur?
Published	07/28/2024	Translocation into the mitochondria is dependent on the {{c1::electrochemical proton gradient}}
Published	07/28/2024	Many peroxisomal enzymes produce {{c1::hydrogen peroxide}}
Published	07/28/2024	Peroxisomes are major sites of {{c1::oxygen}} utilization and thus produce the enzyme {{c1::catalase}} that destroys {{c2::hydrogen peroxide…
Published	07/28/2024	Peroxisomes are induced by toxic chemicals collectively referred to as {{c1::peroxisome proliferators}}
Published	07/28/2024	Enzymes in peroxisomes are present at high concentrations in {{c1::paracrystalline aggregates}}
Published	07/28/2024	New peroxisomes arise from {{c1::ER}}-derived precursor vesicles followed by uptake of proteins and lipids
Published	07/28/2024	Transmembrane transport for peroxisomes uses {{c1::folded}} (folded/unfolded) proteins?
Published	07/28/2024	Import into the peroxisome requires {{c1::ATP hydrolysis}}, >20 peroxins, and recognition of peroxisomal {{c2::targeting}} {{c2::sequences (S-…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Peroxins}} encoded by the {{c2::PEX}} gene are required for transmembrane transport in peroxisomes because they recognize peroxisomal signa…
Published	07/28/2024	Disease resulting from defects in peroxisomal protein import are characterized by the presence of {{c1::peroxisomal ghosts}}; peroxisomes that do…
Published	07/28/2024	Correct trafficking of membrane proteins to organelles is {{c1::essential}} for cellular {{c2::function}} and {{c2::survival}}
Published	07/28/2024	Incorrect trafficking of membrane proteins to organelles occurs in many {{c1::inherited}} diseases affecting plasma membrane and organelle function an…
Published	07/28/2024	Pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. alzheimer, parkinson, huntington, and ALS) can be linked to protein {{c1::mislocalization}} and {{c1:…
Published	07/28/2024	Therapeutic strategies to improve protein {{c1::folding}} and {{c1::trafficking}} are being pursued for multiple diseases
Published	07/28/2024	Three mechanisms for protein movement between compartments are {{c1::gated}} transport, {{c1::transmembrane}} transport, and {{c1::vesicular transport…
Published	07/28/2024	Import into nucleus requires string of {{c1::positively}} charged amino acids
Published	07/28/2024	Export from nucleus requires string of {{c1::hydrophobic}} amino acids
Published	07/28/2024	Import into mitochondria requires {{c1::long, amphipathic}} sequence with interspersed {{c1::positively}} charged amino acids
Published	07/28/2024	Import into peroxisomes requires {{c1::short (S-K-L)}} sequence with interspersed positive, polar, and hydrophobic amino acids
Published	07/28/2024	Most traffic through nuclear pores is {{c1::active}}
Published	07/28/2024	Proteins stay {{c1::folded}} as they pass through nuclear pores as they are large
Published	07/28/2024	Binding of Ran-GTP to {{c1::import}} receptors causes cargo {{c1::release}}
Published	07/28/2024	Nuclear localization of transcription factors like NF-AT can be regulated by {{c1::phosphorylation}} and presence of {{c1::Ca2+}}
Published	07/28/2024	Proteins can be imported into the mitochondrial {{c1::inner}} membrane and {{c1::inter}} membrane space via a variety of pathways including {{c2::star…
Published	07/28/2024	Explain some of the defects due to mitochondrial protein import
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