Notes in breast

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Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU)}} is the functional unit of the breast; lobules make milk that drains via ducts to nipple
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary duct {{c1::ectasia}} is inflammation with {{c2::dilation}} of the subareolar duct
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Mammary duct ectasia}} presents with a periareolar {{c1::green-brown}} nipple discharge (inflammatory debris)
Published	12/13/2024	Biopsy of breast tissue with fat necrosis shows necrotic fat with associated calcifications and {{c1::giant}} cells
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Sclerosing adenosis}} is an increase in acini (ducts) and stromal fibrosis of breast tissue, which may be seen as {{c2::calcifications}} on mamm…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Intraductal papilloma}} is a small papillary proliferation within {{c2::lactiferous}} ducts, typically beneath the areola of the breast
Published	12/13/2024	Intraductal papilloma of the breast typically presents as a(n) {{c1::bloody}} nipple discharge in a(n) {{c1::pre}}-menopausal woman
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of nipple discharge (serous or bloody)? {{c1::Intraductal papilloma (often bloody)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Size and tenderness of a fibroadenoma of the breast increases with exposure to {{c1::estrogen}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Paget's}} disease is ductal carcinoma in situ that extends up the ducts to the skin of the nipple
Published	12/13/2024	Invasive ductal carcinoma classically forms {{c1::duct}}-like structures
Published	12/13/2024	What is the prognosis of the tubular carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)? {{c1::Good}}
Published	12/13/2024	Breast cancer that is ER+ and PR+ is most likely to respond to anti-{{c1::estrogenic}} agents such as {{c1::tamoxifen}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common non-proliferative breast lesion?{{c1::Breast cysts}}
Published	12/13/2024	What general locations make up the epithelial components of the breast?1. {{c1::Lobule}}2. {{c1::Duct}}3. {{c1::Nipple}}
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::Nottingham}} combined histologic grade is used for grading {{c2::invasive breast carcinomas}} and is comprised of the following components:1…
Published	12/13/2024	Major risk factors for breast cancer are:- {{c1::Female}} sex.- {{c2::Age}}.- {{c3::Race/ethnicity}}.- {{c4::Family history}}.- {{c5::Estrogen exposur…
Published	12/13/2024	Major causes of hereditary breast cancer are:1. {{c1::BRCA1}} (~2% breast cancers).2. {{c2::BRCA2}} (~1% breast cancers).3. {{c3::p53}}/{{c4::Li-Fraum…
Published	12/13/2024	Subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast include:1. {{c1::Comedo}}.2. {{c2::Cribiform}}.3. {{c3::Solid}}.4. {{c4::Micropapillary}}.5. {{c5::…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast cancers showing a special histologic pattern in ≥{{c1::90}}% of the tumor are designated as pure special tumor.
Published	12/13/2024	What diagnosis should be immediately thought of with the following breast tissue histology?{{c1::Invasive lobular carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Most invasive lobular carcinomas are {{c1::luminal A}} (genetic subtype) with ER {{c1::positive}} and PR {{c1::positive}}&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	If a focus of breast cancer is <{{c2::1}} mm size it is described as {{c1::microinvasive carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	IHC staining for HER2 is scored as:- 0   -> {{c1::no staining or membrane staining <10% tumor cells}}.- 1+ -> {{c1::faint staining …
Published	12/13/2024	How should the following IHC staining for HER2 be scored?{{c1::2+}}.
Published	12/13/2024	How should the following IHC staining for HER2 be scored?{{c1::3+}}.
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA1-associated breast cancers often have a {{c1::basal-like}} molecular phenotype.
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA2-associated breast cancers often have a {{c1::luminal A}} molecular phenotype.
Published	12/13/2024	The major categories for the molecular classifcation of breast cancers are:1. {{c1::Luminal A}} ({{c2::ER+ HER2-, low-grade}}).2. {{c3::Luminal B}} ({…
Published	12/13/2024	Converting the total Nottingham score for breast cancer to grade groups is:- Grade 1 = {{c1::3-5.}}- Grade 2 = {{c1::6-7}}.- Grade 3 = {{c1::8-9}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The Nottingham score for breasst cancer tubule formation is scored based on {{c2::the whole tumor at low power}} as:- 1 = {{c1::majorit…
Published	12/13/2024	The Nottingham score for breast cancer nuclear pleomorphism is scored based on {{c2::the highest grade area of tumor}} a…
Published	12/13/2024	The Nottingham score for breast cancer mitoses is scored based on {{c2::the highest grade area at 400x}} as:- 1 = {{c1::…
Published	12/13/2024	What pattern of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is shown?{{c1::Micropapillary}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What pattern of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is shown?{{c1::Cribiform}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What pattern of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is shown?{{c1::Comedo}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What are the different subtypes of breast carcinoma?- {{c1::Invasive breast carcinoma of no-special type ("ductal") [~80%]}}.- {{c2::Lobular carcinoma…
Published	12/13/2024	The female breast has {{c1::6}} to {{c1::8}} major ductal systems (#).
Published	12/13/2024	The breast epithelium is {{c1::double}} layered {{c1::cuboidal}}-type epithelium consisting of {{c1::luminal epithelial}} and {{c1::myoepithelial}} ce…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast lesions of the {{c3::INTRAlobular}} stroma include:1. {{c1::Fibroadenoma}}.2. {{c2::Phyllodes tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast lesions of the {{c3::INTERlobular}} stroma include:1. {{c1::Fat necrosis}}.2. {{c2::Lipoma}}.3. {{c4::Fibrous tumor}}.4. {{c5::F…
Published	12/13/2024	28-year-old female presents with unilateral breast enlargement.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Phyllodes tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Phyllodes tumors often show {{c1::missense}} mutations in {{c1::MED12}} (80%).
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a phyllodes tumor include:1.  “{{c1::Leaf-like}}” projections into variably dilated lumina.2.  {{c2::Biphas…
Published	12/13/2024	14 year old female with an enlarged right breast.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fibroadenoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Most fibroadenomas {{c1::do not}} recur after complete surgical excision.
Published	12/13/2024	Key micropic features of a fibroadenoma include:1. Benign neoplasm of the {{c1::Terminal Duct Lobular Unit (TDLU)}}.2. {{c2::Circumscribed}} (interfac…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy. Most liekly diagnosis?{{c1::Lacating adenoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a lactating adenoma include:1. {{c1::Hyperplastic}} breast lobules with {{c1::lactational}} changes.2. {{c2::Dis…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely differential diagnosis (2)?1. {{c1::Metastatic melanoma}}.2. {{c1::Metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Core breast biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Malignant Phyllodes tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Differential diagnosis (2)?1. {{c1::Granular cell tumor (cytokeratin negative)}}.2. {{c1::Invasive lobular carcinoma, hystiocytic var…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core biopsy. Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Intraductal papilloma with collagenous spherulosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core biopsy.What is the most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Metaplastic carcinoma with spindle cell differentiation}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a breast metaplastic carcinoma with spindle cell differentiation include:1. {{c2::Nests}} (architecture).2. {{c3::Poorly}}…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive micropapillary carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of breast micropapillary carcinoma include:1. {{c2::Clusters/nests}} of tumor cells suspended in {{c3::clear}} spaces.2. {{c1…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Usual ductal hyperplasia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of usual ductal hyperplasia include:1. {{c1::Cohesive}} proliferation of {{c2::epithelial}} cells arranged in a {{c3::haphaza…
Published	12/13/2024	Epithelial cells of usual ductal hyperplasia will show {{c1::heterogeneous}} ER staining pattern ({{c1::some are “on,” others are …
Published	12/13/2024	Usual ductal hyperplasia confers approximately a {{c1::2-fold increased}} risk for breast cancer.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Metaplastic carcinoma with chondromyxoid differentiation}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Nodular fascitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The key microscopic features of nodular fascitis include:1. {{c1::Spindled}} cells (morphology).  2. {{c2::Tissue culture}} (architecture).3. {{c…
Published	12/13/2024	Nodular fascitis of the breast clinically presents as a {{c1::painful/tender rapidly growing masses that can disappear spontaneously within a few…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.What is the most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Tubulolobular carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Tubulolobular carcinoma is considered a variant of {{c1::invasive lobular carcinoma}} and tumor cells consistently show {{c2::posi…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ductal carcinoma in situ, clear cell type}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type with osteoclast-like giant cells}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.What is the most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Tubular carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The key, unique microscopic features of breast tubular carcinoma of the include:1. {{c3::Haphazard}} proliferation of {{c4::well-formed tubu…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.What is the most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive lobular carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphovascular invasion is {{c1::very rare}} in invasive lobular carcinoma due to the {{c1::dispersion of single cells}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Cribiform carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of cribriform carcinoma of the breast include:1. {{c1::Haphazard}} proliferation of {{c2::infiltrative cribriform nests}} and…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fat necrosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What immunohistochemistry stain may be helpful for supporting the diagnosis of breast fat necrosis?{{c1::CD68 positive histiocytes}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast fat necrosis occurs due to {{c1::injury (e.g. surgery, biopsy, or trauma)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of fat necrosis include:1. Necrotic adipose tissue characterized by {{c1::cystic spaces}} surrounded by {{c2::lipid-laden (“f…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Angiosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Post-radiation angiosarcoma typically occurs approximately ~{{c1::5}} years post-radiation.
Published	12/13/2024	Post-radiation angiosarcoma will show immunohistochemistry {{c1::positivity}} (positive/negative) for {{c1::MYC}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Angiosarcomas will show positive immunohistochemistry for {{c1::CD31}}, {{c2::CD34}}, and {{c3::ERG}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Gynecomastia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Causes of gynecomastia include:1. {{c1::Puberty (physiologic)}}.2. {{c2::Klinefelter syndrome}}.3. {{c3::Hormone therapy}}.4. {{c4::Dopaminergic medic…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of gynecomastia include:1. {{c1::Fibrous}} stroma with branching ducts and terminal ductules.2. Rare to no {{c2::acini}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Types of mastectomy specimens include:1. {{c1::Simple mastectomy}} = {{c2::breast tissue alone}} (tissue resected).2. {{c3::Modified radical mastectom…
Published	12/13/2024	pT staging for invasive breast carcinoma includes:- {{c2::pT1a}}: Tumor greater than {{c1::1}} mm but less than or equal to {{c1::5}} mm in greatest d…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive carcinoma with mucinous features arising in a solid papillary carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Syringomatous tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a syringomatous adenoma of the breast are:1. Proliferation of {{c1::small glands}} or {{c1::tubules}} infiltrating between…
Published	12/13/2024	Syringomatous adenoma of the breast are typically managed with {{c1::surgical excision}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ductal carcinoma in situ, low-grade}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Columnar cell alterations (columnar cell change and columnar cell hyperplasia)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of columnar cell alterations of breast include:1. {{c2::Enlarged}} terminal ductal lobular units with {{c2::distended}} acini…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive lobular carcinoma, pleomorphic type}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Metaplastic carcinoma with squamous differentiation}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Myofibroblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Positive immunohistochemistry stains that support the diagnosis of a myofibroblastoma of the breast are:1. {{c1::CD34}}.2. {{c2::Vimentin}}.3. {{c3::D…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a myofibroblastoma include:1. {{c1::Well-circumscribed}} {{c2::nodule}} (interface).2. {{c3::Spindle}} to {{c3::epithelioi…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Lobular carcinoma in situ involving collagenous spherulosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hemangioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Nodular sclerosing adenosis/Adenosis tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a nodular sclerosing adenosis of the breast include:1. Maintained {{c3::lobular}} configuration.2. {{c4::Coalesc…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Mammary hamartoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a mammary hamartoma include:1. Histologically resembles {{c1::normal}} breast tissue. 2. {{c2::Nodule}} of benig…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.What is the most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Tubular adenoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of tubular adenoma of the breast include:1. {{c2::Well circumscribed}} {{c1::nodule}} (interface).2. Composed of cluster…
Published	12/13/2024	Tubular adenoma of the breast are {{c1::uncommon}} lesions (frequency) that usually in {{c3::younger}} women in the {{c2::upp…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Tubular adenoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Part of the pT staging for invasive carcinoma of the breast are:- {{c1::pT4a}}: {{c2::Extension to the chest wall}}. - {{c1::pT4b}}: {{c2::Ulceration …
Published	12/13/2024	High-grade features of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast include:1. {{c1::Plemorphism}}.2. Size >{{c5::2.5x size of normal RBC}}.3. {{c4::Vesi…
Published	12/13/2024	Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is graded based on {{c1::nuclear}} features as: {{c2::grade 1 (low), grade 2 (intermediate), and…
Published	12/13/2024	Documenting breast carcinoma invasion into skeletal muscle is critical since this finding may be used as an indication for postmastectomy {{c1::r…
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphovascular invasion must be diagnosed outside the {{c1::border of the invasive carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The most common area to find lymphovascular invasion is within {{c1::1}} mm of the edge of the carcinoma.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Ductal carcinoma in situ, low-grade}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection for a woman with a history of breast reconstruction.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Silicone granulomas}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of silicone granulomas include:1. Many {{c1::oval}} and {{c1::empty spaces}} ("{{c1::Swiss cheese}}" appearence).2. May …
Published	12/13/2024	Mastectomy gross image showing?{{c1::Biopsy site changes}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Post-biopsy of the breast, there can be “{{c1::epithelial displacement}}” where epithelium (benign or atypical) can be found within the stroma or…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast carcinomas with multiple foci of invasion should be classified as: 1. {{c1::Extensive carcinoma in situ with multiple foci of invasion}}.2…
Published	12/13/2024	For patients with simultaneous bilateral invasive breast carcinomas, each carcinoma is staged as a {{c1::separately}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Invasive breast carcinomas showing a special histologic pattern in ≥{{c2::90}}% of the tumor are designated as pure special tumor. Otherwise, they are…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry stains for breast lobular carcinoma that are helpful include the following findings:1. E-cadherin = {{c1::negative}}.2. P120…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry stains for normal breast epithelim that are helpful include the following findings:1. E-cadherin = {{c1::membrane …
Published	12/13/2024	Most cases of invasive lobular carcinoma show a {{c1::luminal A (ER/PR positive, HER2 negative)}} (molecular classification).
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA-genes are {{c1::tumor suppressors}} involved in the {{c2::homologous recombination repair}} pathway.
Published	12/13/2024	Identification of BRCA mutations is clinically useful because patient's with associated cancers can be treated with {{c1::PARP inhibitors}}.
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA{{c1::2}} mutations are associated with higher risk of {{c2::male}} breast cancers (sex).
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA{{c1::1}} breast cancers often have a {{c2::basal-like/"triple-negative"}} molecular classification.
Published	12/13/2024	BRCA{{c1::2}} breast cancers often have a {{c2::luminal A (ER/PR+, HER2-)}} molecular classification.
Published	12/13/2024	Distinct patterns of breast metaplastic carcinoma include:1. {{c1::Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma}}.2. {{c2::Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinom…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry results typical of most breast metaplastic carcinomas include:1. Positive: {{c1::p63}}, {{c1::HMWCK (5/6)}}, {{c1::CK AE1/AE3}}.2…
Published	12/13/2024	General milk flow in the breast travels from proximal to distal as:1. {{c1::Acini}}.2. {{c2::Ducts}}.3. {{c3::Collecting}} ducts.4. {{c4::Nipple}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key differences between usual ductal hyperplasia vs low-grade DCIS include:1. Clonality: {{c1::polyclonal}} vs {{c1::monoclonal}}.2. Luminal architect…
Published	12/13/2024	The distinction between breast {{c3::ductal carcinoma in situ}} and {{c3::atypical ductal hyperplasia}} is based on:1. {{c1::>=…
Published	12/13/2024	Microscopic features that are generally helpful to distinguish between breast DCIS vs LCIS indlude:1. Cohesion: {{c1::present}} vs {{c1::loss}}.2. Int…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry staining for microglanular adenosis of the breast will be:1. Positive: {{c1::Cytokeratin}} markers, {{c1::S100}}.2. Neg…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needle biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Myofibroblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Reduction mammoplasty.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Collagenous spherulosis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The matrix material of collagenous spherulosis of the breast will stain positive for {{c1::PAS}} and {{c1::Alcian Blue}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Collagenous spherulosis is benign, but can easily be confused with {{c1::DCIS}} or {{c2::adenoid cystic carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Lactating adenomas of the breast {{c1::spontaneously regresses}} after {{c2::completion of lactation}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Core needle biopsy from a 34 year old breast feeding female patient.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Lactating adenoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resectionMost likely diagnosis?{{c1::Invasive mucinous carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast invasive mucinous carcinoma often occurs in {{c2::elderly}} women (demographics) and presents as a {{c1::soft}}, {{c1::palp…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast mucinous carciomas often display unique immunohistochemistry findings of:1. Postive  {{c2::WT1}}, {{c2::EMA}}.2. Variable {{c1::neuroendoc…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection from a middle age female.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Adenoid cystic carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is charcterized by {{c1::translocation of t(6;9)(q22-23;p23-24) }} resulting in a&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2024	Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast has a {{c1::basal-like/"triple negative"}} molecular subgroup.
Published	12/13/2024	Microscopic features of an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast include:1. Malignant {{c1::epithelial}} and {{c1::myoepithelial}} cel…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast core needly biopsy.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Intraductal papilloma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an intraductal papilloma of the breast include:1. {{c1::Benign intraductal}} proliferation.2. Composed of {{c2::papillary}…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast intraductal papillomas can be categorized as a:1. {{c1::Small duct papilloma}} ({{c2::peripherally}} located within TLDU and usually {{c3::mult…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast intradcutal papillomas have an immunprofile of:1. Myoepithelial markers: {{c3::positive}}.2. ER: {{c1::heterogenous}}.3. Cytokeratin: {{c2::pol…
Published	12/13/2024	Gross finding on the nipple in a woman with a breast mass.Most concerning for?{{c1::Mammary Paget's disease}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection specimen.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Usual ductal hyperplasia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Lobular carcinoma in situ}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a breast lesion produced by {{c1::myofibroblasts}} (cell-type).
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::CK5/6}} is the most helpful immunohistochemical stain to distinguish between usual ductal hyperplasia and atypical ductal hyperplasia.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Steward-Treves}} syndrome corresponds to post-{{c3::mastectomy}} {{c2::angiosarcomas}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Clinical response to herceptin has been shown in trials with cutoff {{c1::ERBB2/CEP17}} ratios as low as {{c2::1.0}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What are the histologic types/patterns of lobular carcinoma in situ?1. {{c1::Classic}}.2. {{c2::Pleomorphic}}.3. {{c3::Florid (may form mass)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What pattern of ER/PR/ERBB2 is typically associated with invasive lobular carcinoma?1. ER = {{c1::positive}}.2. PR = {{c1::positive}}.3. HER2 = {{c1::…
Published	12/13/2024	Approximately {{c1::80}}% of invasive breast carcinomas are positive for ER and PR.
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::Allred}} score is a method of quantifying {{c2::ER}} and {{c2::PR}} positivity by combining the {{c3::per…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::1}}% of tumor cells is the cutoff for positivity of ER and PR.
Published	12/13/2024	List 3 benign breast conditions whose histology is commonly confused with that of invasive breast carcinoma.1. {{c1::Complex sclerosing lesion (radial…
Published	12/13/2024	What is the recommended treatment for a phyllodes tumor?{{c1::Local excision with a wide margin (at least 1 cm) of normal tissue}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Breast biopsy.Most likley diagnosis?{{c1::Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Pseudoangiomatous stromal overgrowth}} of the breast is a proliferation of {{c2::myofibroblasts}} amongst {{c3::collagenous}…
Published	12/13/2024	Name a malignant lesion of the breast that can mimic collagenous/mucinous spherulosis.{{c1::Adenoid cystic carcinoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What is the differential diagnosis for mammary Paget disease?1. {{c1::Bowen disease}}.2. {{c2::Melanoma}}.3. {{c3::Toker cell hyperplasia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What immunohistochemical stain can be used to differentiate mammary Paget disease and Toker cell hyperplasia?{{c1::Epithelial membrane antigen.+ Paget…
Published	12/13/2024	What immunohistochemical stain can be used to differentiate mammary Paget disease and Bowen disease?{{c1::CK903/HMWCK.- Paget disease+ Bowen…
Published	12/13/2024	Describe the staging of mammary Paget disease.1. {{c1::Nipple inolvement without underlying parenchymal in situ or invasive carcinoma is Tis}}.2. {{c1…
Published	12/13/2024	What is a general classification approach for lymphomas of the breast?1. {{c1::Primary breast lymphoma}}.2. {{c2::Recurrent lymphoma}}.3. {{c3::Dissem…
Published	12/13/2024	What are the most common types of lymphomas seen in the breast?{{c1::Non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas (most commonly DLBCL)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What is a general approach to the differential of papillary breast lesions?1. {{c1::Papilloma}}.2. {{c2::Papilloma with ADH or DCIS}}.3. {{c3::Papilla…
Published	12/13/2024	What are the histologic architectural variants of invasive lobular carcinoma?1. {{c1::Classic}}.2. {{c2::Alveolar}}. 3. {{c3::Tubulolobular}}.4. …
Published	12/13/2024	The 2 most helpful immunohistochemical markers to distinguish usual ductal hyperplasia from atypical ductal hyperplasia are:1. {{c1::CK5/6}}.2. {{c2::…
Published	12/13/2024	What is the general classification of columnar cell lesions of the breast?1. {{c1::Columnar cell change}}.2. {{c2::Columnar cell hyperplasia}}.3. {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	What is the clinical significance of columnar cell lesions?{{c1::Non-obligate precursors of ADH, low-grade DCIS, and low-grade invasive carcinomas.}}
Published	12/13/2024	List 5 subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma with a BETTER prognosis than invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type?1. {{c1::Mucinous}}.2. {{c2::Tubu…
Published	12/13/2024	Features of breast carcinoma associated with BRCA1 mutations include:1. {{c1::Poorly}} differentiated.2. Proliferative index: {{c2::high}}.4. {{c3::Sy…
Published	12/13/2024	A mammary {{c1::myofibroblastoma}} is a {{c2::benign}} tumor of {{c3::fibroblasts}} and {{c3::myofibroblasts}}&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary {{c2::myofibroblastomas}} will have a positive immunoprofile of:1. {{c1::Desmin}} = positive.2. {{c1::CD34}} = positive.3. {{c1::ER/…
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary {{c1::myofibroblastomas}} have genetic alterations involving {{c3::loss}} of {{c2::RB1}}, which can detected by {{c3:…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a mammary {{c7::myofibroblastoma}} include:1. {{c2::Well-circumscribed, unencapsulated}} interface.2. …
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Mammary myofibroblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary carcinoma with {{c2::apocrine differentiation}} has a unique immunophenotype of:1. {{c3::ER, PR, HER2}}: {{c1::often negative}}.2. {{c3::GATA3…
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary carcinoma with {{c5::apocrine differentiation}} generally affects {{c1::older}} women (age-group), presents as {…
Published	12/13/2024	Breast resection of a primary breast lesion from an older woman.What diagnosis should be considered?{{c1::Carcinoma with apocrine differentiation}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a mammary carcinoma with apocrine differentiation includes:1. Resemble {{c2::apocrine sweat gland}} structures.2. Predomin…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Most}} salivary gland tumors can occur in the breast where they are usually more {{c2::indolent}} (prognosis) and immunophenotypi…
Published	12/13/2024	Non-obligate precursor lesions to estrogen receptor-{{c1::positive}} mammary carcinomas include:1. {{c2::Flat epithelial atypia}}.2. {{c3::Atypic…
Published	12/13/2024	Non-obligate precursor lesions to estrogen receptor-{{c1::negative}} mammary carcinomas include:1. {{c2::Microglandular adenosis}}.2. {…
Published	12/13/2024	Mammary {{c1::microinvasive carcinoma}} is an invasive carcinoma {{c2::<= 1 mm}} in size and usually occurs adjacent to ar…
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