Notes in bone.soft.tissue

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Published	12/13/2024	Positive immunostains that support the diagnosis of a solitary fibrous tumor are:1. {{c1::STAT6}}.2. {{c2::CD34}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Solitary fibrous tumors commonly have a {{c1::NAB2-STAT6}} gene fusion (molecular description).
Published	12/13/2024	Middle aged female with a mass sent to you for consultation.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Solitary fibrous tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a solitary fibrous tumor are:1. {{c1::Ovoid to spindled}} fibroblastic cells with vesicular nuclei and scant cytoplas…
Published	12/13/2024	25 year old male with a subcutaneous mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Hibernoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of hibernoma include: 1. {{c2::Organoid}} arrangement of brown adipocytes.2. {{c3::Small and uniform granular/vacuolated…
Published	12/13/2024	Glomus tumors have {{c1::NOTCH}} gene rearrangements.
Published	12/13/2024	Female patient with a subungual nodule.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Glomus tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Glomus tumors will have immunostains positive for:1. {{c1::SMA}}.2. {{c3::Caldesmon}}. 3. +/- {{c2::TLE-1}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a a synovial sarcoma inlude:1. {{c1::Monophasic}} or {{c1::biphasic}} proliferation of {{c2::spindled}} cells.2. {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	Black middle aged female with a tongue mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Granular cell tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	30 year-old man with a painful forearm nodule.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Angiolipoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an angiolipoma are:1. Mature {{c1::adipocytes}}.2. Clustered {{c3::capillary vessels with red blood cells}}…
Published	12/13/2024	Most cases of angiolipoma are due to {{c1::PRKD2}} mutations (>80% of cases).
Published	12/13/2024	Most synovial sarcomas result from {{c1::SSX1-SS18}} gene fusion --> {{c2::t(x;18)(p11;q11)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Lipomas result from genetic {{c2::rearrangements}} of {{c1::HMGA1}}/{{c1::HMGA2}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::Antoni A}} pattern of a {{c2::Schwannoma}} is composed {{c3::spindle cells arranged in small fascicles with wh…
Published	12/13/2024	Soft tissue mass excision.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Shwannoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a schwannoma include:1. {{c2::Perineural}} capsule.2. {{c3::Antoni A}} and {{c3::Antoni B}} patterns.3. Cytoplasm wit…
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::Antoni B}} pattern of a {{c2::Schwannoma}} is composed of {{c3::ovid to spindle}} cells suspended in a {{c4::m…
Published	12/13/2024	Soft tissue excision.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Well-differentiated liposarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a well-differentiated liposarcoma are:1. Variable amounts of {{c1::lipoblasts}} and {{c1::mature adipocytes}}.2. Atyp…
Published	12/13/2024	List the specific types of lipoma:1. {{c1::Angiolipoma (fat + branching vessels with fibrin thrombi)}}.2. {{c2::Spindle cell lipoma (fat + bland spind…
Published	12/13/2024	What specific type of lipoma is depicted?{{c1::Angiolipoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	What specific type of lipoma is depicted?{{c1::Spindle cell lipoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of spindle cell lipoma consists of:1. {{c1::Fat}}.2. {{c2::Bland spindle}} cells (CD34+).3. Variably {{c3::myxoid}} backgound…
Published	12/13/2024	What specific type of lipoma is depicted?{{c1::Chondroid lipoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Myelolipoma most commonly occurs in the {{c1::adrenal medulla}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Atypical lipomatous tumor}}/{{c1::well-differentiated liposarcoma}} is the most common adult sarcoma.
Published	12/13/2024	46 year old male with mass on the thigh.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Well-differentiated liposarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::MDM2 FISH}} is gold-standard for confirming the diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma.
Published	12/13/2024	Well-differentiated liposarcomas have molecular alterations that include: {{c1::amplification chromosome 12}} or {{c1::ring chromosome …
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a well-differentiated liposarcoma include:1. {{c3::Atypical}} {{c4::lipoblasts}}.2. Variably sized {{c2::lipocytes}} (cell…
Published	12/13/2024	Skin excision.Most likley daignosis?{{c1::Neurofibroma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	70 year old woman presents with a rapidly growing, painful right thigh mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Pleomorphic liposarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Pleomorphic liposarcomas tend to be {{c1::large}} (size) and {{c2::non-encapsulated}} (encapsulated?) tumors  with a {{c3::white}} to&n…
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemical workup of a pleomorphic liposarcoma can show:1. {{c1::Occasional (~50%)  S100}} positive lipoblasts. 2. {{c2::MDM2}} and…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a pleomorphic liposarcoma include:1. {{c1::Pleomorphic lipoblasts}} (key cell type).2. Background {{c2::high-grade pleomor…
Published	12/13/2024	40 year old man presents with a nodular cutaneous lesion on his left flank which has been slowly growing over the past few months.Most likely diagnosi…
Published	12/13/2024	Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans will typically show key  immunohistochemistry results of:1. {{c1::Spindle cells}} positive for {{c2::CD34}}, {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is {{c1::locally}} aggressive and often exhibits repeated {{c1::local recurrences}} unless widely …
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:1. A diffuse infiltration of the {{c1::dermis}} and {{c1::subcutaneous}}&nb…
Published	12/13/2024	Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a genetic alteration involving{{c1::COL1A1-PDGFB fusion gene [t17;22)(q21.3;q13.1)]}}.
Published	12/13/2024	21 year old woman present with a right upper arm mass slowly growing in size over past two years which is now causing discomfort.Most likely diagnosis…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma include:1. {{c1::Hypocellular myxoid}} areas AND INTERMIXED {{c2::cellular}} are…
Published	12/13/2024	A positive immunohistochemistry stain that can support the diagnsosis of a low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is {{c1::MUC4}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Genetic alterations associated with a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma include:1. {{c3::FUS-CREB3L2 [t(7;16)(q33;p11)]}}.2. {{c2::FUS-CREB3L1 [t(11;16)(p…
Published	12/13/2024	A low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is grossly a {{c1::well}} circumscribed mass with mixture for {{c2::fibrous}} and {{c2::mucoi…
Published	12/13/2024	22 year old woman presents with a distal posterior femur mass. Plain x-ray demonstrates a large mineralized mass attached to the cortex with cortical …
Published	12/13/2024	Parosteal osteosarcoma may demonstrate key immunohistochemical staining that is {{c1::nuclear}} positive for {{c2::MDMD2}} and&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	~85% of parosteal osteosarcomas cases show genetic alterations involving {{c2::amplification}} of {{c1::MDM2}} and/or {{…
Published	12/13/2024	Parosteal osteosarcomas generally have an/a {{c1::excellent}} prognosis with >{{c1::90}}% overall survival at 5 years; unless tumor exhibits areas …
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a parosteal osteosarcoma1. Tumor is made up of {{c1::bland}} {{c2::spindle}} cells.2. {{c3::Well-formed bony tra…
Published	12/13/2024	65 year old man presents with an enlarging right thigh mass over several months.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Myxofibrosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a myxofibrosarcoma include:1. Variably {{c2::multinodular}} growth with {{c1::incomplete fibrous septa}}.2. {{c3…
Published	12/13/2024	Tenosynovial giant cell tumor is a {{c1::benign}} lesion which may recur in {{c2::4}}-{{c2::30}}% of cases.
Published	12/13/2024	38 year old woman presents with a mass of her right index finger slowly progressing in size over several years.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Tenosynovia…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized type include:1. Admixture of {{c2::mononuclear}} cells, scattered {{c…
Published	12/13/2024	20 year old man presents with a large, painful right knee mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Synovial sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	42 year old man presents with a large right thigh mass. Imaging studies identified an additional lesion in patient's thoracic vertebra (T10).Most like…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a myxoid liposarcoma include:1. {{c1::Uniform}}, {{c1::round}} to {{c1::oval}} {{c2::primitive}} cells2. Small, …
Published	12/13/2024	Genetic alterations associated with myxoid liposarcomas include:1. {{c1::FUS-DDIT3}} - t({{c3::12}}; {{c3::16}}).2. {{c2::DDIT3-EWSR1}} - t({{c4::12}}…
Published	12/13/2024	60 year old man presents with a long-standing upper back soft tissue mass which recently started to make it more difficult to sleep.Most likely diagno…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a spindle cell lipoma include:1. {{c1::Bland spindle}} cells.2. Background of variably deposited {{c2::coll…
Published	12/13/2024	Spindle cells of a spindle cell lipoma are strongly positive for {{c1::CD34}} and are rarely positive for {{c2::S100}} by immunohistoch…
Published	12/13/2024	18 year old male presents with pain, abdominal distention and ascites.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The genetic alteration associated with desmoplastic small round cell tumors is a {{c2::translocation}} involving {{c1::t(11;22) EWSR1-W…
Published	12/13/2024	Nodular fascitis {{c1::rarely}} recurs after excision.
Published	12/13/2024	Nodular fascitis is associated with a molecular alteration involving {{c1::MYH9-USP6 gene fusion}}.
Published	12/13/2024	31 year old woman presents with a rapidly growing mass on right arm in past month, about ~2 cm in size.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Nodular fascitis}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of nodular fascitis include:1. {{c6::Plump}} {{c6::spindle}} cells. 2. Architecture of {{c7::S}}- or {{c7::C}}…
Published	12/13/2024	Key immunohistochemistry of nodular fascitis will typically show spindle cells:1. Positive for {{c2::smooth muscle actin}} and {{c2::muscle specific a…
Published	12/13/2024	18 year old male presents with a growing soft tissue mass near right wrist.Most likley diagnosis?{{c1::Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma inclide:1. {{c1::Small monomorphic round}} cells.2. {{c2::Minimal}} cytoplasm.3. {{c3::Round}…
Published	12/13/2024	Alveolar rhabmyosarcomas are associated with genetic alterations involving:1. {{c1::t(2;13)(q35;q14): PAX3-FOXO1}} in (~{{c1::70}})%.2. {{c1::t(1;13)(…
Published	12/13/2024	A 45 year old male with a slow growing right thigh mass with increasing dull pain for two years.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Clear cell sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an ossifying fibromyxoid tumor include:1. {{c2::Well-demarcated}} mass (interface).2. ****Periphery of {{c1::metaplas…
Published	12/13/2024	51 year old male presents with a painless, subcutaneous left thigh mass. Imaging reveals a well-circumscribed, lobulated mass surrounded by calcificat…
Published	12/13/2024	Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor show a genetic alteration involving {{c1::recurrent rearrangement}} of the {{c2::PHF1 locus at chromosome b…
Published	12/13/2024	Subcutaneous nodule of the forearm from a 60 year-old female.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Rheumatoid nodule}}.
Published	12/13/2024	~{{c1::25}}% of adults with rheumatoid arthritis will develop rheumatoid nodules.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a rheumatoid nodule includes:1. Multiple dermal and/or subcutaneous {{c1::granulomas}} with central {{c1::necrobiosis…
Published	12/13/2024	Ancillary testing that should be considered for presumed cases of rheumatoid nodules include:1. Exclusion of epitheloid sarcoma  -> negative {…
Published	12/13/2024	50 year-old White female with no known immunodeficiency state.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Kaposi sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Kaposi sarcoma will have positive immunohistochemistry for:1. {{c1::Vascular markers (CD31, CD34, factor VIII)}}.2. {{c2::HHV-8}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The 4 clinical substypes of Kaposi sarcoma include:1. {{c1::Classic / sporadic}}.2. {{c2::Endemic / African}}.3. {{c3::Iatrogenic (predominantly trans…
Published	12/13/2024	Growing 'parotid' mass, 40's.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Myxoid solitary fibrous tumor}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Slowly growing, painful gluteal mass. 30's-40's.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Glomangioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a glomangioma include:1. Combination of {{c1::glomus}} cells, {{c1::smooth muscle}} cells and {{c1::vasculature}}.2. …
Published	12/13/2024	Ewing sarcoma most commonly occurs in the {{c1::diaphysis}} of {{c1::long bones}}, but can occur in any bone and soft tissue.
Published	12/13/2024	Ewing sarcoma classically causing "{{c1::onion skinning}}" on imaging ({{c1::multilaminated periosteal reaction}}).
Published	12/13/2024	Ewing sarcoma most commonly occurs in {{c1::children-to-young adults}} (age group).
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Ewing sarcoma}} will classically be positive for {{c2::CD99}} by immunohistochemistry, but a much more specific marker is {{…
Published	12/13/2024	Osseus fibrous dysplasia often occurs in the {{c1::medullary}} portion of bones that are {{c2::craniofacial}} or {{c3::femur}…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of ossous fibrous dysplasia include:1. {{c1::Irregular, curvilinear}} architecture of {{c2::woven bone}} ("{{c1::Chinese lett…
Published	12/13/2024	Femur from a 15-year-old female.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fibrous dysplasia}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Cartilage stains with {{c1::S100}} by immunohistochemistry.
Published	12/13/2024	Chondroblastomas are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms that involve the {{c2::epiphysis}} of {{c2::long}} bones, most commonly th…
Published	12/13/2024	The molecular alteration found in chondroblastoma is {{c1::H3.3 K36M subsititution}} which is similar to {{c2::giant cell tumor of bone…
Published	12/13/2024	Femur epiphysis.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chondroblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of chondroblastomas include:1. Islands of eosinophilic {{c3::chondroid matrix}}.2. "{{c1::Chicken wire}}" {{c2::calcification…
Published	12/13/2024	Femur epiphysis.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Chondroblastoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Osteosarcomas most commonly occur at the {{c1::metaphysis}} of {{c1::long}} bones near the {{c1::knee}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are most commonly located in the {{c1::femur}} of {{c2::elderly}} (age group).
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas}} are chondrosarcomas with {{c2::abrupt transition to high-grade, non-cartilaginous sarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The {{c1::location}} diffentiates atypical cartilaginous tumors ({{c1::appendicular skeletion}}) from chondrosarcoma grade 1 ({{c1::axial sk…
Published	12/13/2024	Grading chondrosarcomas is based on cellularity and cytology of:1. Grade 1 = {{c1::hypocellular}} /// {{c2::lymphocyte-like}}.2. Grade 2 = {{c1::…
Published	12/13/2024	Grading chondrosarcomas is based on {{c1::cellularity}} and {{c2::cytology}} into grades {{c3::1}}-to-{{c3::3}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Chondrosarcoma.Grade?Grade {{c1::1}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Chondrosarcoma.Grade?Grade {{c1::2}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Chondrosarcoma.Grade?Grade {{c1::3}}.
Published	12/13/2024	~50% of chondrosarcomas have molecular alterations involving {{c1::IDH1}} or {{c1::IDH2}} mutations, while high grade tumors may a…
Published	12/13/2024	Radiographically chondrosarcomas look like "{{c1::popcorn calcifications}}".
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a chondrosarcoma include:1. Abundant {{c1::cartilaginous}} matrix , usually {{c2::hyaline}}, but sometimes partially …
Published	12/13/2024	What are the major variants of chondrosarcoma?1. {{c1::Dedifferentiated}}.2. {{c2::Mesenchymal}}.3. {{c3::Clear cell}}.4. {{c4::Periosteal}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have genetic alterations involving {{c1::HEY1-NCOA2 fusions}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Clear cell chondrosarcomas are {{c1::low}}-grade malignant tumors that frequently occur in the {{c2::epiphysis}}, particularly at the {…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of clear cell chondrosarcoma include:1. Cells with {{c4::abundant}}, {{c4::clear}} cytoplasm.2. Centrally placed nuclei.3. Ba…
Published	12/13/2024	Cases of clear cell chondrosarcoma will be strongly positive for {{c1::S100}} by immunohistochemistry.
Published	12/13/2024	Femoral head.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Clear cell chondrosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A NON-metastatic bone and soft tissue leiomyosarcoma often anatomically occur in the {{c1::lower extremities}} (near {{c1::knee}}).&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	The best immunohistochemical marker to help identify osteoblasts in {{c1::SATB2}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Osteosarcomas are aggressive tumors with local growth and rapid {{c1::hematogenous}} dissemination and metaseses most frequently to the&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2024	The most common primary bone sarcoma is an {{c1::osteosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	The most important prognostic factor for osteosarcomas is the {{c1::response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy}} (good prognosis: {{c1::>9…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an osteosarcoma:1. Requrires {{c4::neoplastic bone formation (often woven, disorganized trabeculae)}}.2. {{c3::Infiltrativ…
Published	12/13/2024	Osteosarcomas appear on imaging as having a {{c1::sunburst}}-like lesion described as "{{c2::Codman's triangle}}".
Published	12/13/2024	The major general categories of osteogenic tumors of bone include:1. {{c1::Osteoid osteoma}}.2. {{c2::Osteoma}}.3. {{c3::Osteoblastoma}}.4. {{c4::Oste…
Published	12/13/2024	Osteoid osteomas are {{c1::benign}} osteogenic tumors that often occur in the {{c2::cortex}} of {{c3::long}} bones that …
Published	12/13/2024	Osteoid osteomas have genetic alterations characterized by {{c1::FOS gene rearrangements}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an osteoid osteoma include:1. {{c4::Circumscribed}} (interface)2. {{c3::<2 cm}} (size) {{c5::central nidus}} composed o…
Published	12/13/2024	Long bone cortex.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Osteoid osteoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Leiomyomas very rarely present in the {{c1::deep}} soft tissue (anatomical location).
Published	12/13/2024	An {{c3::angioleiomyoma}} is a:1. {{c4::Well}}-circumscribed neoplasm. 2. Composed of {{c2::benign mature smooth muscle cells (similar to le…
Published	12/13/2024	Leiomyosarcomas frequently have genetic alterations involving a {{c1::complex karyotype}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma is a {{c1::malignant}} tumor with NO {{c4::alveolar}} or {{c4::embryonal}} histological c…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma include: 1. {{c2::Sheets}} (architecture).2. Atypical, large, {{c1::eosinoph…
Published	12/13/2024	Deep soft tissue mass from a 75 year-old male.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	A general differential for a skeletal muscle soft tissue tumors include:1. {{c1::Rhabdomyoma}}.2. {{c2::Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma}}.3. {{c3::Embryonal…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Rhabdomyoma}} is a {{c1::benign}} {{c2::skeletal muscle}} tumor that is classified as either:1. {{c4::Cardiac}}-type.2. {{c5…
Published	12/13/2024	A fetal-type rhabdomyoma occurs in {{c1::any}} age group and is usually located in the {{c2::head}} and {{c2::neck}} reg…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a fetal-type rhabdomyoma include: 1. {{c2::Irregular}} bundles of {{c3::immature skeletal muscle}}.2. {{c1::Myxoid}} …
Published	12/13/2024	Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas often have immunohistochemistry findings of strongly positive {{c1::MyoD1}}, but only focal {{c1::myogenin}}&nb…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a sclerosisng rhabdomyosarcoma include:1. {{c2::Small round blue}} cells.2. {{c3::Nested}} or {{c3::single-file}} architec…
Published	12/13/2024	Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant skeletal muscle tumor that often occurs in {{c2::deep}} soft tissues or {{c1::sinsuses}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Strong, diffuse {{c2::myogenin}} immunohistochemistry staining is suggestive of an {{c1::alveolar}} rather {{c1::embryonal}}&…
Published	12/13/2024	Cardiac-type rhabdomyomas occur in the {{c1::hearts}} (anatomical location) of {{c2::infants}}-to-{{c2::young children}} and often…
Published	12/13/2024	Young child with a heart mass.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Cardiac-type rhabdomyoma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma}} is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and can occasionaly occur in adults.
Published	12/13/2024	Soft tissue sarcomas are most commonly graded using the {{c1::French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group (FNCLCC)}} system.
Published	12/13/2024	Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms, but are {{c2::locally destructive}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Positive immunohistochemical stains that support the diagnosis of a tenosynovial giant cell tumor include:1. {{c2::CD68}}, {{c2::CD163}}.2. …
Published	12/13/2024	Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are classified as either:1. {{c1::Local}}-type = {{c3::discrete}}, {{c3::rounded}} proliferation anatomically loca…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Diffuse}}-type tenosynovial giant cell tumors are also known as {{c2::pigmented villonodular synovitis}} more aggressive, large, and d…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features tenosynovial giant cell tumor includes:1. Bland {{c2::mononuclear}} cells that are spindled-to-round.2. {{c3::Foamy}} macroph…
Published	12/13/2024	Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are characterized by genetic alterations involving {{c1::CSF1 gene rearrangements}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Synovial sarcomas are generally classified as either:1. {{c1::Monophasic (spindled)}}.2. {{c1::Biphasic (spindled and epitheloid)}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemistry that are supportive, but not diagnostic, of synovial sarcoma include:1. Patchy {{c1::EMA}} and {{c1::cytokeratin}}.2. Usually {{c…
Published	12/13/2024	Key immunohistochemical findings supportive of an epitheloid sarcoma include:1. {{c3::INI loss}} (MOST important).2. Positive {{c2::cytokeratin}}/{{c2…
Published	12/13/2024	The major types of epitheloid sarcoma include:1. {{c2::Classic}}/{{c2::Conventional}} type.2. {{c1::Proximal}} type.
Published	12/13/2024	Synovial sarcomas commonly occur in {{c1::soft tissue}}, but can also occur in {{c2::thorax}} and {{c3::head}}/{{c3::neck}}.
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Clear cell sarcomas}} of soft tissue are {{c3::malignant}} tumor that typically occurs in {{c4::young adults}} (age-group) a…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue include:1. {{c6::Nested}} architecture divided by {{c7::collagenous bands}}.2. {{c1::E…
Published	12/13/2024	Clear cell sarcomas of soft tissue have characteristic genetic alteration involving {{c1::EWSR1-ATF1}} fusions [t({{c2::12;22}})].
Published	12/13/2024	Granular cell tumors are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms of {{c2::neuroectodermal}} differentiation.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a granular cell tumor include:1. {{c1::Epitheloid}}-to-{{c1::spindle}} cells.2. {{c2::Abundant eosinophilic granular}} cyt…
Published	12/13/2024	Key immunohistochemistry stains supporting the diagnosis of a granular cell tumor include:1. Positive {{c1::S100}}.2. Positive {{c2::CD68}}.3. Positiv…
Published	12/13/2024	Glomus tumors are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms of {{c2::perivascular}} origin dervided from the {{c3::glomus body}} that is …
Published	12/13/2024	Glomus tumors tend to present as {{c2::red}}-to-{{c2::blue}} colored, painful, nodules in the deep dermis of the {{c1::extremities}}, m…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a glomus tumor include:1. {{c1::Nests}} (architecture) seperated by {{c2::rich vascular network}}.2. {{c3::Plentiful eosin…
Published	12/13/2024	Solitary fibrous tumors (previously {{c5::hemangiopericytoma}}) are usually {{c1::benign}} neoplasms occuring in the {{c2::deep so…
Published	12/13/2024	Features suggesting malignant behaviour for solitary fibrous tumors include:1. {{c1::Large size (especially >15 cm)}}.2. {{c2::Frequent mitoses}}.3…
Published	12/13/2024	CIC-rearranged sarcomas are {{c1::highly}} aggressive {{c2::Ewing}}-like small round cell malignancies that most often occur in the&nbs…
Published	12/13/2024	CIC-rearranged sarcomas have genetic alteration involving {{c2::CIC-DUX4}} fusions [t({{c1::4;9}})].
Published	12/13/2024	Key immunohistochemistry markers supporting the diagnosis of CIC-rearranged sarcomas include:1. Positive {{c1::WT1}} (commonly available).2. Posi…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a CIC-rearranged sarcoma include:1. {{c3::Ewing}}-like tumor.2. Predominately {{c5::sheets}}  with focal {{c4::cord}}…
Published	12/13/2024	Ganglioneuromas are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms that usually occur in the {{c2::mediastinum}} or {{c3::retroperitoneum}} (a…
Published	12/13/2024	Ganglioneuromas show immunohistochemistry staining of:1. Positive {{c1::S100}} in {{c2::Schwann}} cells.2. Positive {{c1::synaptophysin}} in {{c2…
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a ganglioneuroma include:1. Mature {{c4::ganglion}} cells 2. {{c2::Neuromatous}} stroma.3. {{c3::NO}} {{c1::immature neuro…
Published	12/13/2024	Syndromes associated with multiple of diffuse ganglioneuromas include:1. {{c1::MEN 2B}}.2. {{c3::NF-1}}.3. {{c2::Cowden}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Perineuriomas are {{c1::benign}} neoplasms of {{c2::intraneural}} or {{c2::soft}} tissues.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic featrues of a perineurioma include:1. {{c2::Perivascular}} {{c1::whorls}}.2. {{c4::Pauci}}-cellular {{c3::spindle}} cells.3. Long, thi…
Published	12/13/2024	Soft tissue lesion with possible nerve association.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Perineurioma}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Immunohistochemstry findings that support the diagnosis of a perineurioma include:1. Positive {{c5::EMA}}.2. Positive {{c4::claudin-1}}.3. Positive {{…
Published	12/13/2024	A {{c1::traumatic/amputation neuroma}} is a {{c2::non}} neoplastic nerve proliferation due to {{c3::trauma/injury}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of a traumatic/amputation neuroma include:1. {{c1::Haphazard}} proliferation of {{c2::nerve fasicles (axons & perineural …
Published	12/13/2024	An elastofibroma is a {{c1::benign}} {{c2::pseudo}} neoplasm that usally occurs {{c3::under the scapula}} (anatomical locatio…
Published	12/13/2024	Special stains for {{c1::elastin}} can help support the diagnosis of an elastofibroma.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of an elastofibroma include:1. Eosinophilic {{c2::collagen}} and {{c2::elasin}} fibers.2. {{c3::Hypo}}-cellular with ocassion…
Published	12/13/2024	Fibromatosis is a {{c1::benign}} neoplasm of soft tissue, but is {{c2::locally infiltrative}} and tends to {{c3::recurr}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key immunohistochemical findings that support the diagnosis of fibromatosis include:1. Positive {{c1::beta-catenin (nuclear)}} (KEY).2. Positive/patch…
Published	12/13/2024	Fibromatosis is classified as either:1. {{c1::Superficial}} -type = {{c2::palmar}}, {{c2::plantar}}, {{c2::penile}} (anatomical locations) that tend t…
Published	12/13/2024	Palmar soft tissue lesion with nuclear beta-catenin immunohistochemistry.Most likely diagnosis?{{c1::Fibromatosis, superficial-type}}.
Published	12/13/2024	Key microscopic features of fibromatosis include:1. {{c1::Infiltrative}} interface.2. Vaguely {{c2::fasicular}} architecture.3. {{c3::Uniform, bland}}…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Deep/"Desmoid"}}-type fibromatosis is associated with genetic alterations/syndromes involving:1. {{c2::Familial adenomatous polyposis}} syndrome…
Published	12/13/2024	Major categories of the French Grading System for soft tissue tumors include:1. {{c1::Tumor differentiation/type}}.2. {{c2::Mitotic count (per 40x fie…
Published	12/13/2024	French grading system scores for soft tissue tumors are based on the total scores of:1. Grade 1 = {{c1::<=3}}.2. Grade 2 = {{c1::4-5}}.3. Grade 3 =…
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