Notes in 03 Principles of Histology and Pathology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change typically occurs after chronic exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid or smoke? {{c1::Metaplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	Nuclei, ribosomes, and the RER are examples of {{c1::basophilic::basophilic/eosinophilic}} structures
Published	09/03/2023	{{c1::Van Gieson}} is used to visualize increases in collagen, often in blood vessels and the skin
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Masson Trichrome}} stains supporting tissue, especially collagen
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by replacement of one cell type by another? {{c1::Metaplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::ERBB2}} encodes {{c2::Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2)}}, promoting cell growth when activated
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by an increased size of cells?{{c1::Hypertrophy}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::N}} in TNM indicates the degree to which breast cancer has spread to the lymph nodes
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Giemsa Stain}} is the standard stain for blood and bone marrow smears
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by an increased number of cells?{{c1::Hyperplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Frozen}} sections are best used for rapid diagnosis and guiding next surgical steps.
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by disordered, non-neoplastic cellular growth? {{c1::Dysplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	When should women aged 75+ get mammograms?{{c1::If their life expectancy is at least 10 years}}
Published	08/31/2023	At what age should women start getting mammography screenings?{{c1::40}}
Published	09/03/2023	The {{c1::glandular tissue}} of the breast contains 15-20 {{c2::lobules}} composed of {{c3::alevoli}}, where milk is made
Published	08/31/2023	Symptoms of breast cancer:{{c1::Hard, painless lump or swelling in upper or outer part of breast}}{{c2::Swelling under arm}}{{c3::Immobile or fixed br…
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by decreased cell production during embryogenesis? {{c1::Hypoplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	Stage {{c1::IV}} tumors are metastatic
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)}} stains complex carbohydrates dark red or magenta
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)}} is the proliferation of cells in the lobules of the breast with {{c2::no invasion}} of the basement membrane
Published	08/31/2023	Which cellular change is characterized by failure of cell production during embryogenesis? {{c1::Aplasia}}
Published	08/31/2023	Risk factors for developing breast cancer are generally associated with increased {{c1::estrogen}} exposure
Published	08/30/2024	What are the two single most important gene mutations associated with hereditary breast cancer? {{c1::BRCA1 and BRCA2}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::DCIS::DCIS/LCIS}} is more likely to migrate across the basement membrane and through the nipple pore
Published	08/31/2023	Collagen, cytoplasmic proteins, and mitochondria are examples of {{c1::eosinophilic::basophilic/eosinophilic}} structures
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::stroma}} is composed of adipose tissue, attaches to the {{c2::skin and pectoralis muscles}}, and makes up the majority of the breast
Published	08/31/2023	Stage {{c1::0}} tumors are pre-cancerous or in-situ (no invasion past the basement membrane)
Published	08/31/2023	Breast cancer complications:{{c1::Local inflammation --> damage to ligaments and lactiferous ducts --> fibrosis}}{{c2::Invasion of nearby tissue…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Hematoxylin}} is a positively charged, basic dye that stains negatively charged structures purple or dark blue
Published	08/31/2023	How often should women aged 50-74 get mammography screenings?{{c1::Every 2 years}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Sudan Black and Osmium}} stain lipid-containing structures brown/black
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Alcian Blue}} stains acidic polysaccharides blue
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)}} is the malignant proliferation of cells in the ducts of the breast with {{c2::no invasion}} of the basement me…
Published	08/31/2023	Risk factors for breast cancer:{{c1::More menstrual cycles (early menarche, late menopause)}}{{c2::Medications containing estrogen}}{{c3::Environmenta…
Published	08/31/2023	Tissue Preparation:1) Fix/preserve the tissue using {{c1::formalin}}2) Remove water from the tissue with {{c2::ethanol}}, which is then dissolved with…
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::lymphatic vessels}} of the breast drain lymph containing cellular waste and white blood cells into nodes in the {{c2::axilla/armpit}}
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::T}} in TNM indicates the size of the tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas
Published	08/30/2024	Which cellular change is characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease in size or number of cells? {{c1::Atrophy}}
Published	08/31/2023	Males are at {{c1::greater::greater/lesser}} risk of breast cancer metastasis
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::M}} in TNM indicates the degree to which the breast cancer has metastasized
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Eosin}} is a negatively charged, acidic dye that stains positively charged structures red or pink
Published	08/31/2023	Stage {{c1::I-III}} tumors are early stage or locally advanced
Published	08/31/2023	e445e3f40a5f420386f99cfc3248769f-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	Stain of the {{c1::central::central/peripheral}} nervous system
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-3
Published	08/31/2023	Breast cancer that is ER+ and PR+ is most likely to respond to anti-{{c1::estrogenic}} agents such as {{c1::tamoxifen}}
Published	08/31/2023	26fd60f691b6434cb94087ea77f33b98-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	c1114687c40345c296c00b95831c3219-ao-2
Published	08/31/2023	In cardiac muscle hypertrophy, the {{c1::nuclei}} enlarge into a characteristic boxcar shape
Published	08/31/2023	c1114687c40345c296c00b95831c3219-ao-1
Published	09/03/2023	e445e3f40a5f420386f99cfc3248769f-ao-5
Published	08/31/2023	4b618de00712415b83d96367b6e38fd3-ao-3
Published	08/31/2023	What type of breast carcinoma is this?{{c1::Ductal::Lobular/Ductal}} carcinoma in-situ
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-2
Published	09/03/2023	61e58f6ab11d4ca7882a9749000ec7b7-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	Stain of the {{c1::peripheral::central/peripheral}} nervous system
Published	08/31/2023	2cf5416aad464ac0af3208192184adb7-ao-1
Published	09/03/2023	4b618de00712415b83d96367b6e38fd3-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-6
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-4
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Ependymal}} cells are columnar cells surrounding cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Published	08/31/2023	e445e3f40a5f420386f99cfc3248769f-ao-3
Published	08/31/2023	c2b4abdd13134ef9a86fbd66de4eeb9c-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Oligodendrocytes}} can be identified near empty white rings whereh myelin sheaths were washed out
Published	08/31/2023	61e58f6ab11d4ca7882a9749000ec7b7-ao-3
Published	08/31/2023	c1114687c40345c296c00b95831c3219-ao-4
Published	08/31/2023	66082ff2b8bb4229b9bc690491555fad-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	What tissue type is this?{{c1::Smooth muscle}}
Published	09/03/2023	4b618de00712415b83d96367b6e38fd3-ao-2
Published	08/31/2023	b8228c4a11c34084910977e1effaa413-oa-1
Published	08/31/2023	ebf9ca332af04e92a067452e1f6a4be3-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-1
Published	08/31/2023	61e58f6ab11d4ca7882a9749000ec7b7-ao-2
Published	08/31/2023	823587562e5d49eca04eec6365e308ec-ao-5
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Satellite}} cells can be identified by their flattened nuclei near ganglion cells
Published	08/31/2023	e445e3f40a5f420386f99cfc3248769f-ao-4
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Electron miscroscopy}} is used to visualize ultrastructural details, especially in kidney biopsies
Published	08/31/2023	What type of breast carcinoma is this?{{c1::Lobular::Lobular/Ductal}} carcinoma in-situ
Published	08/31/2023	c1114687c40345c296c00b95831c3219-ao-3
Published	08/31/2023	e445e3f40a5f420386f99cfc3248769f-ao-2
Published	08/31/2023	What class of enzymes cleaves nucleotides at the ends of a DNA strand? {{c1::Exonucleases}}
Published	08/31/2023	Cells that cannot divide (permanent cells) can ONLY undergo {{c1::hypertrophy}} in response to stress
Status	Last Update	Fields