Notes in ✧ Transcription

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Published	01/14/2024	A mutation at a(n) {{c1::splice site}} results in a retained intron in the mRNA, leading to a protein with impaired or altered function
Published	01/14/2024	While DNA polymerase binds to a primer, RNA polymerase binds to a(n) {{c1::promoter}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::template}} strand is the dsDNA strand used for transcription; it is complementary and antiparallel to mRNA
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::coding}} strand is the strand of dsDNA that is NOT used during transcription, but is identical to mRNA (substitute T/U)
Published	01/14/2024	The dsDNA sequence reported in databases is the {{c1::coding}} strand, unless specifically stated otherwise
Published	01/14/2024	Practice: If a DNA template sequence is TAGC, what is the mRNA sequence?{{c1::GCUA}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::untranslated region (UTR)}} of mRNA is the portion of mRNA which contains no protein information
Published	01/14/2024	Does prokaryotic mRNA have introns and exons?{{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	In eukaryotes, each gene has it's own {{c1::promoter}}, to which RNA polymerase II may bind
Published	01/14/2024	The initial mRNA of eukaryotes contains {{c1::introns}} and {{c1::exons}}, which undergo splicing
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c1::promoter}} is the site where {{c2::RNA polymerase II}} and general transcription factors bind to DNA upstream from a gene locus
Published	01/14/2024	The promoter is an AT-rich upstream sequence with {{c1::TATA}} and {{c1::CAAT}} boxes
Published	01/14/2024	A mutation in the promoter commonly results in a dramatic {{c1::decrease}} in the level of gene transcription
Published	01/14/2024	Promoters serve as binding sites for {{c1::general::general/specific}} transcription factors
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Enhancers}} are stretches of DNA that increase gene expression by binding specific transcription factors
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Silencers}} are sites where negative regulators (repressors) bind to DNA
Published	01/14/2024	Enhancers increase transcription via enhanced activity of the enzyme {{c1::RNA polymerase II}}
Published	01/14/2024	Enhancers serve as binding sites for {{c1::specific::specific/general}} transcription factors
Published	01/14/2024	Are enhancers/silencers close or far from the gene it regulates?{{c1::May be close to, far from, or within the gene (in an intron)}}
Published	01/14/2024	How can enhancers be far away from the gene it regulates?{{c1::DNA will bend to bring enhancer to promoter}}
Published	01/14/2024	RNA polymerase {{c1::I}} makes {{c2::r}}RNA
Published	01/14/2024	RNA polymerase {{c1::II}} makes {{c2::m}}RNA
Published	01/14/2024	RNA polymerase {{c1::III}} makes {{c2::t}}RNA and 5S rRNA
Published	01/14/2024	Which RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter site?{{c1::RNA polymerase II}}
Published	01/14/2024	In eukaryotes, {{c2::RNA polymerase II}} may be inhibited by {{c1::α-amanitin}}
Published	01/14/2024	What drug is an inhibitor of prokaryotic RNA polymerase? {{c1::Rifampin}}
Published	01/14/2024	What drug is an inhibitor of both prokaryotic AND eukaryotic RNA polymerase? {{c1::Actinomycin D}}
Published	01/14/2024	How many different RNA polymerases do prokaryotes have? {{c1::One (makes all 3 kinds of RNA)}}
Published	01/14/2024	The initial (primary) transcript transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is {{c1::heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)}}
Published	01/14/2024	Capped, tailed, and spliced hnRNA is called {{c1::mRNA}}
Published	01/14/2024	In what part of the cell is mRNA formed?{{c1::Nucleus}}
Published	01/14/2024	In what part of the cell is mRNA translated?{{c1::Cytosol}}
Published	01/14/2024	One co-transcriptional modification is the addition of a(n) {{c1::7-methylguanosine cap}} at the {{c2::5}}' end
Published	01/14/2024	One post-transcriptional modification is the addition of a(n) {{c1::poly-A tail}} at the 3' end
Published	01/14/2024	One post-transcriptional modification is the {{c2::splicing out}} of {{c1::introns}}
Published	01/14/2024	Does Poly-A polymerase require a template (post-transcriptional processing)? {{c1::No}}
Published	01/14/2024	What sequence of bases represents a polyadenylation signal?{{c1::AAUAAA::6}}
Published	01/14/2024	mRNA quality control occurs at {{c1::cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies)}}, which contain exonucleases, decapping enzymes, and microRNAs
Published	01/14/2024	mRNAs may be stored in {{c1::P-bodies}} for future translation
Published	01/14/2024	In the first step of alternative splicing, the primary transcript (hnRNA) combines with {{c1::small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPS)}} and other pr…
Published	01/14/2024	After the spliceosome has been formed in alternative splicing, a(n) {{c1::lariat-shaped (looped)}} intermediate is generated
Published	01/14/2024	In the final step of alternative splicing, the {{c2::lariat}} is released to precisely remove the {{c1::intron}} and join two {{c1::exons}}
Published	01/14/2024	Antibodies to spliceosomal snRNPs, also known as {{c2::anti-Smith}} antibodies, are highly specific for {{c1::SLE}}
Published	01/14/2024	Antibodies to U1 RNP are highly associated with {{c1::mixed connective tissue}} disease
Published	01/14/2024	Every intron has a 5' {{c1::donor}} site and a 3' {{c1::acceptor}} site, which are brought together to form the Lariat-shaped loop
Published	01/14/2024	Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein? {{c1::Exons}}
Published	01/14/2024	Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains intervening noncoding segments of DNA? {{c1::Introns}}
Published	01/14/2024	Different exons are frequently combined by {{c1::alternative splicing}} to produce a larger number of unique proteins
Published	01/14/2024	One hematological pathology that is due to abnormal splicing variants is {{c1::β-thalassemia}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::microRNAs}} are small, noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate protein expression
Published	01/14/2024	microRNA often leads to the {{c1::silencing/inactivation}} of target mRNA, thus causing {{c1::decreased}} translation into protein
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