Notes in Murmurs

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Innocent}} murmurs have typical features: {{c2::Soft}} {{c2::Short}} {{c2::Systolic}} {{c2::Symptomless}} {{c2::Situation dependen…
Published	10/08/2024	The key investigations to establish the cause of a murmur and rule out abnormalities in a child are: • {{c1::ECG}} • {{c1::Chest xray}} • {{c1::Ech…
Published	10/08/2024	Mitral regurgitation: heard at the {{c1::mitral area (fifth intercostal space, mid-clavicular line) }}
Published	10/08/2024	Tricuspid regurgitation: heard at the {{c1::tricuspid area (fourth intercostal space, left sternal boarder) }}
Published	10/08/2024	Ventricular septal defect: heard at the {{c1::left lower sternal boarder }}
Published	10/08/2024	Aortic stenosis: heard at the {{c1::aortic area (second intercostal space, right sternal boarder) }}
Published	10/08/2024	Pulmonary stenosis: heard at the {{c1::pulmonary area (second intercostal space, left sternal boarder) }}
Published	10/08/2024	Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: heard loudest at the {{c1::fourth intercostal space}} on the {{c1::left sternal boarder }}
Published	10/08/2024	Patients with a {{c1::VSD}}, {{c1::ASD}} or {{c1::PDA}} are usually acyanotic.
Published	10/08/2024	Patients with transposition of the great arteries will always have {{c1::cyanosis}} because the right side of the heart&…
Published	10/08/2024	Heart defects tha are typically L-->R shunts can but will not always cause a right-to-left shunt and may therefore become cyanotic HD. Th…
Published	10/08/2024	Tetralogy of Fallot The murmur in TOF arises due to {{c1::pulmonary stenosis}}, therefore causing a {{c1::ejection systolic}} murmur, h…
Published	10/08/2024	Patent Ductus Arteriosus small PDA may not cause any abnormal heart sounds.More significant PDAs cause a normal {{c1::S1}} heart s…
Published	10/08/2024	A {{c2::fixed split heart sound}} occurs in an {{c1::ASD}}.
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Atrial septal defects}} cause a {{c2::mid-systolic}}, {{c2::crescendo- decrescendo}} murmur heard loudest at the {{c2::upper left ster…
Published	10/08/2024	Explain Splitting of the Second Heart Sound{{c1::During inspiration the chest wall and diaphragm pull the lungs & heart openThis is call…
Published	10/08/2024	What pathologies cause an ejection systolic murmur?{{c1::Aortic stenosis}}{{c1::Pulmonary Stenosis}}{{c1::Hypertrophic (Obstructive) Cardiomyopathy}}
Published	10/08/2024	What cardiac pathologies cause a pan/holo-systolic murmur?{{c1::Mitral regurgitation}}{{c1::Tricuspid regurgitation}}{{c1::VSD}}
Published	10/08/2024	Features that would prompt further investigations and referral to a paediatric cardiologist would be:• Murmur louder than grading?? {{c1::2/…
Published	10/08/2024	Innocent murmurs are also known as {{c1::flow murmurs}}. very common in childrencaused by {{c1::fast blood flow}} through various areas of t…
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