Notes in 04LE Fundamental of Blood and Red Blood Cells

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Published	01/07/2025	What is the colour of blood plasma and what is made up of?
Published	01/07/2025	What does blood plasma transport in the body? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	In blood plasma{{c1::Inorganic salts}} {{c2::buffer the pH}} and contribute in osmotic balance and the regulation of the {{c2::cell membrane potential…
Published	01/07/2025	What is the hameocrit?
Published	01/07/2025	Examples of WBCs (leukocytes) (5)
Published	01/07/2025	What are platelets needed for?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the shape of RBCs and what advantage does it give them?
Published	01/07/2025	WHat subcellular structures are found in RBCs?
Published	01/07/2025	Older RBCs {{c1::rupture easily}} and the debris left is degraded by {{c2::macrophages}}
Published	01/07/2025	What is found on RBC plasma membranes ? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	How does the structure of RBC plasma membrane composition help?
Published	01/07/2025	What is spectrin? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What do spectrin gene abnormalities cause?
Published	01/07/2025	What are platelets released by?What do platelets contain to help them carry out their role?
Published	01/07/2025	How is the blood clotting cascade triggered? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What does blood clotting rely on?{{c1::Inactivated}} {{c1::precursor}} {{c1::proteins}} for example... - {{c2::prothrombin}}- {{c2::fribrino…
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the precursor proteins prothrombin and fibrinogen in blood clotting?
Published	01/07/2025	HCT
Published	01/07/2025	MCV
Published	01/07/2025	MCH
Published	01/07/2025	MCHC
Published	01/07/2025	What is produced in the process of leukopoiesis?
Published	01/07/2025	What does CLP and CMP stand for?
Published	01/07/2025	What is CMP and CLP derived from?
Published	01/07/2025	Relationship between CMP and Thrombopoiese and Erythropoiesis?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the site of haematopoiesis in humans?What does this structure provide?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does the process of erythopoiesis take place?
Published	01/07/2025	What is involved in the process by which a HSC (Haematpoetic Stem Cell) becomes an erythrocyte?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the function of erythropoietin? When is it primarily produced?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does the hormones EPO (Erythropoietin) bind to?
Published	01/07/2025	What essential nutrient is required during haematopoiesis?
Published	01/07/2025	What does an elevated number of reticulocytes indicate?
Published	01/07/2025	What are reticulocytes?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the nucleus of an erythroblast during hameoglobin synthesis?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the erythroblast nucleus after hemoglobin synthesis is complete?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the cell called after the erythroblast nucleus is expelled?
Published	01/07/2025	What is adult haemoglobin (HbA) made up of?What is a tetramer?
Published	01/07/2025	What is fetal haemoglobin(HbF) made up of?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the main secondary structure of the haemolgobin protein subunits?
Published	01/07/2025	What is bound to each of the subunits in haemoglobin?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the function of haemoglobin?
Published	01/07/2025	Difference between HbA and HbF?
Published	01/07/2025	What is responsible for haemoglobins red colour?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the strucure of a heme group?
Published	01/07/2025	In a heme group, what molecule do each of the pyrrole rings Nitrogen atoms bind to? Why is this important?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens when oxygen binds to heme? What does this result in the formation of?
Published	01/07/2025	What ensures that O2 and O2- are not released in tissues?
Published	01/07/2025	What does the binding of an O2 to one haem group result in?What does the unloading of O2 from one heme group result in?What is this process called
Published	01/07/2025	Why is cooperative binding behaviour useful?
Published	01/07/2025	What process is cooperative binding behaviour caused by?
Published	01/07/2025	What is 2,3-BPG?What charge does it have?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does 2,3-BPG bind?What is the generalised name for this type of molcule?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of 2,3- BPG?
Published	01/07/2025	2,3 BPG is present in RBCs at similar concentration to {{c1::haemoglobin}}
Published	01/07/2025	Fetal RBCs have a {{c1::higher affinity}} for O2 than maternal RBCs
Published	01/07/2025	Which haemoglobin does 2,3 BPG not bind to as efficiently?
Published	01/07/2025	0be4d97c95b9464384395275d6247478-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	0be4d97c95b9464384395275d6247478-ao-2
Published	01/07/2025	What does the difference in oxygen affinity between fetal and maternal RBCs result in?
Published	01/07/2025	Equation for respiration?
Published	01/07/2025	Where does respiration take place?
Published	01/07/2025	Equation for fermentation?
Published	01/07/2025	When does fermentation take place and in what conditions and what does it produce?
Published	01/07/2025	What does a build up of lactate result in?
Published	01/07/2025	What is lung partial pressure?What is tissue partial pressure?
Published	01/07/2025	What % of haemoglobin gets saturated with O2 at lung?What % of haemoglobin gets saturated with O2 at tissue?
Published	01/07/2025	What % of haemoglobin O2 transported to tissue?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the similarities between myoglobin and haemoglobin? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	Where is myoglobin present? And what does it do here?
Published	01/07/2025	Differences between myoglobin and haemoglobin? (3)What does this result in? (1)
Published	01/07/2025	Why is 0% oxygen saturated not reached in tissues?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the function of myoglobin?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the Bohr effect?
Published	01/07/2025	During times of exercise when increased CO2 is released, what happens to haemoglobin and oxygen?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the transport of HCO3- across the RBC plasma membrane coupled with?
Published	01/07/2025	Two ways CO2 is transported through the body?
Published	01/07/2025	How does CO2 bind to haemoglobin?
Published	01/07/2025	How is CO₂ transported from tissues to the blood? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to CO₂ in the lungs during exhalation? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of hemoglobin in CO₂ transport?
Published	01/07/2025	Why is the conversion of CO₂ to HCO₃⁻ important in the blood?
Published	01/07/2025	Relevance of the chloride shift?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the interactions between haemoglobin and carbon monoxide?Characterstics of the binding?
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to O2 affinity after CO binding to one of four haem groups?
Published	01/07/2025	CO poisoning symptoms?
Published	01/07/2025	Treatment for CO?
Published	01/07/2025	What is sickle cell anaemia caused by?
Published	01/07/2025	What does sickle cell anaemia cause the production of?Hows does this affect oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyharmoglobin
Published	01/07/2025	What happens to the shape of RBCs affected by sickle cell anaemia? (1)What happens to their circulation? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What is a haemoglobinopathy?
Published	01/07/2025	What is a thalassaemia?What are the two types?
Published	01/07/2025	What is Beta thalassaemia caused by?
Published	01/07/2025	What is alpha thalassaemia caused by?
Published	01/07/2025	In alpha thalassaemia what condition does inactivation of four genes mean? What does it lead to?
Published	01/07/2025	In alpha thalassaemia what condition does inactivation of three genes result in? What does this cause?
Published	01/07/2025	Two types of anaemia?
Published	01/07/2025	What is fanconi anaemia and what are some of its features? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What treatments may be given for anaemia?
Published	01/07/2025	What is polycythaemia caused by?
Published	01/07/2025	Symptoms of polycythaemia? ?(6)
Published	01/07/2025	What is polycythaemia characterised by?
Published	01/07/2025	What can polycythaemia be caused by? (2)
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