Notes in Fungal Infections

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Published	12/09/2024	Fungi are eukaryotes that grow as {{c1::multicellular filaments (mold)}} or individual cells alone or in {{c2::chains (yeast)}}
Published	12/09/2024	Fungal infections, also called {{c1::mycoses}}
Published	12/09/2024	4 Major Types of Mycoses{{c1::Superficial and cutaneous mycoses}} are common and limited to the very superficial or keratinized layers of skin, h…
Published	12/09/2024	4 Major Types of MycosesSuperficial and cutaneous mycoses are common and limited to the very superficial or keratinized layers of skin, hair, and nail…
Published	12/09/2024	4 Major Types of MycosesSuperficial and cutaneous mycoses are common and limited to the very superficial or keratinized layers of skin, hair, and nail…
Published	12/09/2024	4 Major Types of MycosesSuperficial and cutaneous mycoses are common and limited to the very superficial or keratinized layers of skin, hair, and nail…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Candida albicans}} is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans
Published	12/09/2024	CandidiasisThere are about 15 to 20 species that are frequently seen in human infections, with {{c1::C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and …
Published	12/09/2024	Most C. albicans infections originate when these normal commensal microbiota breach the skin or mucosal barriers Residing normally in the skin, mouth,…
Published	12/09/2024	Most C. albicans infections originate when these normal commensal microbiota breach the skin or mucosal barriersResiding normally in the skin, mouth, …
Published	12/09/2024	Most C. albicans infections originate when these normal commensal microbiota breach the skin or mucosal barriersResiding normally in the skin, mouth, …
Published	12/09/2024	Most C. albicans infections originate when these normal commensal microbiota breach the skin or mucosal barriersResiding normally in the skin, mouth, …
Published	12/09/2024	Most C. albicans infections originate when these normal commensal microbiota breach the skin or mucosal barriersResiding normally in the skin, mouth, …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Phenotypic switching}}: Involves coordinated transcriptional regulation of phase-specific genes Provides a way for C. albicans to adapt to chang…
Published	12/09/2024	C. albicans produces many functionally distinct {{c1::adhesins}} involved in binding to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, epithelial cells, and endoth…
Published	12/09/2024	C. albicans also produces several enzymes that contribute to invasiveness, including at least nine secreted {{c1::aspartyl proteinases}} and {{c2…
Published	12/09/2024	The ability of C. albicans to grow as {{c1::biofilms}} also contributes to its capacity to cause disease
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}}, {{c2::macrophages}}, and {{c3::Th17}} cells are important for protection against Candida infection
Published	12/09/2024	In tissue sections, C. albicans can appear as {{c1::yeast}}, {{c2::pseudohyphae}}, and, less commonly, {{c3::true hyphae}}, defined by the presence of…
Published	12/09/2024	Most commonly, candidiasis takes the form of a superficial infection on mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity ({{c1::thrush}}) Florid proliferation of t…
Published	12/09/2024	C. albicans esophagitis is commonly seen in {{c1::AIDS}} patients and in those with {{c2::hematologic malignancies}}.Endoscopy demonstrates white…
Published	12/09/2024	C. albicans vaginitis is common, especially in women who are {{c1::diabetic}}, {{c2::pregnant}}, or on {{c3::oral contraceptive pills}}It is usually a…
Published	12/09/2024	Cutaneous candidiasis is infection of the: Nail proper ({{c1::onychomycosis}}) Nail folds ({{c2::paronychia}}) Hair follicles ({{c3::follicu…
Published	12/09/2024	Invasive candidiasis: {{c1::Renal}} abscesses{{c2::Myocardial}} abscesses and endo-carditis {{c3::Brain}} microabscesses and meningitis {{c4…
Published	12/09/2024	Aspergillosis{{c1::Aspergillus}}A ubiquitous mold Causes allergies (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) in healthy people Causes seriou…
Published	12/09/2024	Aspergillus spp. are transmitted as {{c1::airborne conidia}}{{c2::Lung}} is the major portal of entry
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Conidia}} are coated in hydrophobic proteins that mask the microbial molecules from innate immune recognition
Published	12/09/2024	Alveolar macrophages recognize Aspergillus through {{c1::TLR2}} and the {{c2::lectin dectin-1}}, which recognizes β-1,3-glucan in the fungal cell wall…
Published	12/09/2024	Alveolar macrophages recognize Aspergillus through TLR2 and the lectin dectin-1, which recognizes β-1,3-glucan in the fungal cell wallB…
Published	12/09/2024	Aspergillus produces several virulence factors, including {{c1::adhesins}}, {{c2::antioxidants}}, {{c3::enzymes}}, and {{c4::toxins }}Aflatoxin M…
Published	12/09/2024	Colonizing aspergillosis ({{c1::aspergilloma}}) refers to growth of the fungus in the respiratory tract with {{c2::minimal or no invasion}} of th…
Published	12/09/2024	Colonizing aspergillosis (aspergilloma) refers to growth of the fungus in the respiratory tract with minimal or no invasion of the tissuesCo…
Published	12/09/2024	Invasive aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection that is confined to immunosuppressed hosts Primary lesions are usually in the lung, but widesprea…
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