Notes in 111 LEC 10

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Published	11/08/2023	The heart is a {{c1::hollow muscle}} that serves as the {{c1::main pumping organ}} of the cardiovascular system.
Published	11/08/2023	heart contractions are {{c1::mechanical events that trigger electrical activity}}
Published	11/08/2023	the heart requires blood irrigation. It has its own {{c1::vascular system}} which are the {{c1::coronary arteries}}. When these arteries are obstructe…
Published	11/08/2023	the contractile cells of the heart are called {{c1::myocytes}} which have the role of {{c1::generating tension}}. The two categories of myocytes are {…
Published	11/08/2023	K+ selective voltage-gated channels (Kv) – {{c1::four}} subunits, each containing {{c1::six}} transmembrane segments Na+ selective voltage-gated chann…
Published	11/08/2023	Excitation contraction (E-C) coupling in heart 1. At resting, Vm potential = {{c1::neg}}. and intracellular free Ca2+ concentration is {{c1::low}}2. I…
Published	11/08/2023	E-C coupling in the muscle- In skeletal and cardiac muscles, Ca that triggers contractions comes from {{c1::intracellular storage}} which is the {{c1:…
Published	11/08/2023	Heart Anatomy - there are {{c1::two}} chambers – each consists of {{c1::atrium}} and {{c1::ventricle}}  - the heart is a dual pump in that {…
Published	11/08/2023	Cardiac output is the {{c1::volume of blood pumped by heart per unit of time}} or the {{c1::amount of blood ejected from left ventricle into systemic …
Published	11/08/2023	cardiac output equation
Published	11/08/2023	Between chambers and vessels, there are {{c1::unidirectional valves}} Flow goes from {{c1::Veins}} → {{c1::heart}} → {{c1::arteries}} → {{c1::body}} V…
Published	11/08/2023	How the heart pumps blood through the vasculature 1. blood returning to heart through veins fills {{c1::atria}} since pressure inside these chambers i…
Published	11/08/2023	Cardiac cycle - Heart contracts in a cycle with two phases – {{c1::diastole}} and {{c1::systole}} - During diastole, the heart is {{c1::relaxed}} and …
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Published	11/08/2023	Frank Starling (Maestrini) Law - CO {{c1::increases}} as more blood fills heart - Heart is filled with blood that returns through {{c1::veins}} - {{c2…
Published	11/08/2023	how does the nervous system affect cadiac output?- the {{c1::autonomic nervous system}} has {{c5::2}} branches -- {{c2::sympathetic}} and {{c3::parasy…
Published	11/08/2023	Pathological conditions that lower CO and contractility
Published	11/08/2023	SA node action potential 1. SA node resting potential is {{c1::unstable}} so the SA node {{c1::continuously fires AP}} 2. the Vm of pacemaking cells i…
Published	11/08/2023	The NaCaX (sodium calcium exchanger) is an {{c1::electrogenic antiporter}} using {{c1::Na+ gradient}} to {{c1::remove Ca from cell.}}- it is activated…
Published	11/08/2023	Ventricular AP 1. K+ leaving through {{c1::GIRK}} channels makes the Vm {{c1::negative}} 2. Stimulation causes {{c2::Na to enter}} by Nav1.5 chan…
Published	11/08/2023	Cav channels are {{c1::calcium selective voltage channels}} there are {{c1::3}} families encoded by {{c1::10}} genes {{c3::L type}} → {{c2::Cav 1.1 - …
Published	11/08/2023	ventricular AP's propagate between {{c1::myocytes}} via {{c2::gap junctions}} which {{c1::electrically couples myocytes}} allowing for {{c2::synchrono…
Published	11/08/2023	The intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) are {{c1::nerve fibers distributed in heart}} they receive info from {{c2::higher cerebral centers, intrat…
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