Notes in 06 AEDs Anti-PD & Anti-AD Drugs

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Individual's first seizure Tx: {{c1::None. We do not treat the first episode of a seizure}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Convulsion}} - Paroxysm of involuntary repetitive muscular contractions that is related to a seizure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epilepsy}} - Enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Status Epilepticus}} - Recurrent seizure activity w/ behavioral and/or electrical changes w/o recovery (returning to baseline) between seizures …
Published	07/30/2024	2 Clinical types of status epilepticus:{{c1::ConvulsiveNon-convulsive}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amongst all types of seizures, {{c1::Status Epilepticus}} is a neurologic emergency
Published	07/30/2024	Partial/Focal Seizure Etiology: {{c1::Paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift}}
Published	07/30/2024	Generalized Seizure Etiology: {{c1::Thalamo-cortical Hypersynchronization}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Na channel blocker AED/s: {{c1::CarbamazepineOxcarbazepinePhenytoinZonisamideLamotriginePrimidoneLacosamide::Name at least 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Post-synaptic GABA current Agonist AED/s: {{c1::PhenobarbitalValproic acidTiagabineVigabatrinBZD (Diazepam, Clonazepam)::Name at least …
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Ca channel blocker AED/s: {{c1::GabapentinPregabalinEthosuximide::Name at least 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative NMDA receptor Antagonist AED/s: {{c1::Felbamate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative AMPA & Kainate receptor Antagonist AED/s: {{c1::Topiramate}}Bonus: what is its other MOA?
Published	07/30/2024	Representative AMPA receptor Antagonist AED/s: {{c1::Perampanel}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Synaptic Vesicular Protein 2A (SV2A) Antagonist AED/s: {{c1::Levetiracetam}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative AED/s that act on the GABAergic synapse: {{c1::TiagabineVigabatrineBenzodiazepinesPhenobarbital}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative AED/s that act on postsynaptic targets: {{c1::TopiramateFelbamatePerampanel}}
Published	07/30/2024	Principal CYP Isozyme systems that interact with AEDs:{{c1::CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A}}
Published	07/30/2024	These two AEDs have activity against GTC, PTC, Absence, and Myoclonic Seizures{{c1::LamotrigineValproate}}
Published	07/30/2024	This AEDs only has activity against absence{{c1::Ethosuximide}}
Published	07/30/2024	This AEDs only has activity against GTC, PTC, and myoclonic seizures{{c1::BZD (Clonazepam)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred mode of delivery for AEDs: {{c1::Oral}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phenytoin Drug Interactions: {{c1::Calcium containing antacids}} may interfere w/ absorption
Published	07/30/2024	Almost all AEDs are used as mood stabilizers except for {{c1::levetiracetam}} that may aggravate mood changes
Published	07/30/2024	Most AEDs are not highly bound to plasma proteins except for {{c1::phenytoin and valproate (90%)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carbamazepine::AED}} enhances the metabolism of phenytoin
Published	07/30/2024	Phenytoin Dose-independent ADEs:{{c1::Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, skin rashesFoetal Hydantoin Syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phenytoin::AED}} cannot be pushed with D5 Water, Dextrose, or IV fluid because it will crystallize
Published	07/30/2024	Trigeminal & Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia AED DOC: {{c1::Carbamazepine}}
Published	07/30/2024	These AEDs can cause Steven-Johnson Syndrome:{{c1::CarbamazepineLamotrigineEthosuximide::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carbamazepine::AED}} can cause bloody dyscrasia in elderly patients
Published	07/30/2024	Carbamazepine ADEs:{{c1::drowsiness, dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, hyponatremia, water intoxication, cardiac arrhythmia, teratogenicity}}
Published	07/30/2024	The chemical structure of {{c1::carbamazepine::AED}} is similar to {{c2::Imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Carbamazepine Half-life: {{c1::36 hours after a single dose → drops to 8-12 hours in continuous therapy}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Potency1. Carbamazepine2. Oxcarbamazepine{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Hyponatremia as an ADE1. Carbamazepine2. Oxcarbamazepine{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	When in the day should you give phenobarbital?{{c1::Night pala hahaha. Causes drowsiness::hint: ADEs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Grain 1 of phenobarbital is {{c1::60}} mg
Published	07/30/2024	Phenobarbital ADEs: General Population: {{c1::Sedation, nystagmus, ataxia, cognitive and behavioral effects, osteomalacia, megaloblastic anemia}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Valproate is {{c1::fully::not/incompletely/full}} ionized at body pH
Published	07/30/2024	Ethosuximide ADEs:{{c1::Gastric distress, Lethargy, Parkinson-like symptoms, Euphoria, Hiccups, Bloody Dyscrasia, SJS}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ethosuximide Time to Reach Peak Concentration: {{c1::3-7}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Levetiracetam Time to Reach Peak Concentration: {{c1::1.3}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	These AEDs have no known interactions with other AEDs and are not even metabolized by cytochrome P450{{c1::Levetiracetam, Gabapentin (and Pregabalin):…
Published	07/30/2024	Levetiracetam Dose-depndent ADEs: {{c1::Somnolence, dizzines, ataxia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most AEDs are cleared through the liver except for the following which are cleared renally:{{c1::Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Gabapentin (and Pregabalin…
Published	07/30/2024	Lowest preparation of Gabapentin: {{c1::100}} mgHighest preparation of Gabapentin: {{c1::300}} mg
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Bioavailability1. Gabapentin2. Pregabalin{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Non-BZD Anti-Anxiety DOC: {{c1::Pregabalin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lowest preparation of Pregabalin: {{c1::50}} mgHighest preparation of Pregabalin: {{c1::600}} mg
Published	07/30/2024	Gabapentin & Pregabalin ADEs:{{c1::Headache, Dizzines, Somnolence, Ataxia, Fatigue}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lennox-Gastuat Syndrome, West's Syndrome AED DOC: {{c1::Topiramate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Topiramate ADEs:{{c1::Dose-related:Somnolence, dizziness, fatigueCognitive slowing, confusionWeight loss and loss of appetiteParesthesias (tingling se…
Published	07/30/2024	Lamotrigine ADEs:{{c1::Dose-dependent: Nausea, vomitingDizziness, headache, diplopia, somnolenceDose-independent:Skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndr…
Published	07/30/2024	Seizures in Pregnant Px AED DOC: {{c1::Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lacosamide ADEs:{{c1::Increase PR interval. drowsiness, headache, balance disorder, memory impairment, somnolence, tremor, nystagmus; diplopia, blurre…
Published	07/30/2024	Lacosamide Time to Steady State: {{c1::2-3 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	Increased PR interval associated with lacosamide is more evident when coadministered with {{c1::carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and pregabalin::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phenytoin Effective Plasma Concentration: {{c1::10-12}} mcg/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Phenobarbital & Levetiracetam Effective Plasma Concentration: {{c1::10-40}} mcg/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Valproate Effective Plasma Concentration: {{c1::50-100}} mcg/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Carbamazepine Effective Plasma Concentration: {{c1::4-12}} mcg/mL
Published	07/30/2024	Phenobarbital Half-life: {{c1::40-120}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Oxcarbamazepine Half-life: {{c1::1-2}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Levetiracetam Half-life: {{c1::6-8}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Gabapentin Half-life: {{c1::5-8}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Status Epilepticus First-line DOC: {{c1::Diazepam}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diazepam::BZD}} has the longest duration of activity because of its major metabolite acting as a partial agonist
Published	07/30/2024	Diazepam for status epilepticus is usually administered {{c1::IV::IV/orally}}
Published	07/30/2024	Status Epilepticus Maintenance DOC: {{c1::Midazolam}}
Published	07/30/2024	Convulsive Status Epilepticus Etiology: {{c1::Low AED level in the blood for px taking AEDs}}
Published	07/30/2024	AEDs with teratogenic ADEs:{{c1::Valproate, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine, Phenobarbital}}
Published	07/30/2024	Seizures increase during pregnancy because clearance of older medications is increased. However, {{c1::oxcarbazepine::AED}} levels tend to increa…
Published	07/30/2024	Neuropathic Pain AED DOC: {{c1::Gabapentin (and Pregabalin) and Carbamazepine::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons connecting the {{c1::substancia nigra and striatum::2}} are responsible for parkinsonism
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] Activity in Parkinsonism1. Direct Pathway2. Indirect Pathway{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Naturally occuring Parkinsonism starts showing symptoms by age {{c1::50-60}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Butyrophenone and Phenothiazine::2 antipsychotic drugs}} can induce reversible parkinsonism by blocking brain dopamine receptors
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reserpine}} can induce reversible parkinsonism by depleting brain dopamine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)}} can induce irreversible parkinsonism by destroying dopaminerggic neurons in the nugrostria…
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinson Disease Risk Factors:{{c1::Teachers, Healthcare workers, FarmersManganese ExposureVitamin D Deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinson Disease Protective Factors:{{c1::SmokingCoffeeAnti-inflammatory drug useHigh serum uric acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alpha-synuclein::protein}} is the cause of premature death in the neurons of the substancia nigra in Parkinson Disease
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Glial cells1. MAO2. COMT{{c1::A. MAO Type B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Young-onset Parkinson: <{{c1::60}} y/oJuvenile Parkinson: <{{c1::40}} y/o
Published	07/30/2024	Most Anti-Parkinson Drugs relieve the bradykinesia. Resting tremors and dystonia is relived by {{c1::muscarinic antagonists::drug class}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinson Disease for px >65 y/o First-Line Tx: {{c1::Levodopa-Carbidopa (Dopamine Precursor)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why is levodopa given with carbidopa?{{c1::Carbidopa does not cross the blood-brain barrier. With this combination, the plasma half-life is prolonged,…
Published	07/30/2024	Why can't we ujst give dopamine to PD px?{{c1::Dopamine cannot pass through the BBB. Levodopa is the immediate metabolic precursor that can enter the …
Published	07/30/2024	When in the day should you give Levodopa?{{c1::30 mins before eating}}
Published	07/30/2024	Levodopa Half-life: {{c1::1-3}} hours
Published	07/30/2024	Levodopa Drug Interactions: - {{c1::Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)}} enhances the extracerebral metabolism of levodopa- {{c1::MOAI}}
Published	07/30/2024	Levodopa Contraindications:{{c1::PsychosisClosed-angle GlaucomaMalignant MelanomaPregnancy & Lactation::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Levodopa Side Effects:Just read this {{c1::shiz}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::On and Off Phenomena}} - Alternating periods of improved mobility and akinesia, occurring over a few hours to days during tx of anti-PD drugs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wearing off Phenomena}} - Deterioration of drug effect in between medication doses of anti-PD drugs
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Related to timing of doses1. On and Off Phenomena2. Wearing Off Phenomenon{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinson Disease for px <65 y/o First-Line Tx: {{c1::Dopamine-2 receptor agonist}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dopamine-2 Receptor Agonist ADEs:{{c1::AnorexiaNausea, vomitingDyskinesiaPostural hypotensionBehavioral changesErythromelalgia and pulmonary infiltrat…
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Ergot-derived Anti-PD Drugs:{{c1::BromocriptinePergolideCabergolinePiribedil}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Non-Ergot-derived Anti-PD Drugs:{{c1::PramipexoleRopiniroleRotigotine}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Side Effects1. Ergot Derivatives2. Non-Ergot Derivatives{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mild PD Monotherapy DOC: {{c1::Ropinirole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Early PD and PD px with difficulty swallowing DOC: {{c1::Rotigotine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amantadine}} is an Anti-PD drug that was first developed as an antiviral
Published	07/30/2024	Amantadine MOA:{{c1::Influences dopamine synthesis, release, reuptakeNMDA blockerMuscarinic blocker}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amantadine ADEs:{{c1::Behavioral changes (restlessness, agitation, insomnia, hallucination, acute toxic psychosis)Livedo reticularis - purple discolor…
Published	07/30/2024	Monoamine oxidase {{c1::B}} selectively metabolizes dopamine
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Selective MAOBis: {{c1::SelegilineRasagiline}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Potency in preventing MPTP-induced parkinsonism1. Selegiline2. Rasagiline{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Selective MAOBis are excreted in the {{c1::urine and feces}}
Published	07/30/2024	Adjuct for waning effect and wearing off or on-and-off phenomenon DOC: {{c1::MAOBis (Selegiline, Rasagiline)}}
Published	07/30/2024	MAOBi Contraindications:{{c1::Tyramine rich food (Aged Cheese, Cured Meat, & Alcoholic Beverages) → HPN}}
Published	07/30/2024	MAOBi Drug Interactions:{{c1::SSRIECAMuscle relaxants}}Bonus: interaction to which of these drugs will lead to what condition?
Published	07/30/2024	Representative COMTis:{{c1::TolcaponeEntacapone}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Potency, Duration of Action, Hepatotoxicity, and CNS action1. Tolcapone2. Entacapone{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	COMTis ADEs:{{c1::Diarrhea, abdominal pain, orthostatic hypotension, sleep disturbancesorange discoloration of the urineRhabdomyolysisNeuroleptic mali…
Published	07/30/2024	When administering Levodopa with {{c1::COMTis}}, lower the daily dose of levodopa by about 30% in the first 48 hours to avoid or reverse side eff…
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Anti-PD Antimuscarinic Drugs:{{c1::Benztropine mesylateBisperidenTrihexyphenidyl}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-PD Antimuscarinic Drugs ADEs:{{c1::Atropine like effectsAcute suppurative parotitis sometimes occurs as complication of dryness of the mouth…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amyloid and Tau::protein}} is the cause of death in neurons in Alzheimer disease
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amyloid::Protein in AD}} - Precursor protein is cleaved by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase and forms plaques {{c2::ex::in/ex}}tracellularly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tau::Protein in AD}} - Associated with dissociation from microtubules in neurons. Deposits of which form tangles {{c2::in::in/ex}}tracellularly
Published	07/30/2024	In Alzheimer disease, there is a loss of large mypramidal cholinergic neurons at the {{c1::nucleus basalis of Meynert and locus coeruleus::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	In Alzheimer disease, there is extreme atrophy of the {{c1::hippocampus::macro-part of the brain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis:{{c1::ABC!ADL (Progressive memory impairment)Behavior (Dementia)Cognition (Dysfunction)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Familial AD occurs at {{c1::40}} y/oSporadic AD occurs at {{c1::60}} y/o
Published	07/30/2024	Familial AD Gene Defects:{{c1::Presenilin-1 gene mutation (chromosome 14)Allele ε4 abnormality, for ApoE (chromosome 19)Trisomy 21 (chromosme 21)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors:{{c1::DonepezilGalantamineRivastigmine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Galantamine}} is an AChEi that is also an allosteric nicotinic modulator
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rivastigmine}} is an AChEi that is also a Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
Published	07/30/2024	AD px with apraxia swallowing AChEi DOC:{{c1::Rivastigmine. It has a transdermal patch formulation}}
Published	07/30/2024	AChEi ADEs:{{c1::GI problems}}
Published	07/30/2024	AChEi Contraindications:{{c1::Px with Lacunar Stroke Syndrome (LACS)Arrythmia (unless indicated by a cardiology)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Donepezil & Galantamine Drug Interactions:CYP2D6 and 3A4 inhibitors: {{c1::Quinidine, Ketoconazole}}CYP2D6 and 3A4 inducers: {{c1::Phenytoin, Carb…
Published	07/30/2024	Mild-Moderate Dementia DOC: {{c1::AChEi}}
Published	07/30/2024	Moderate-Severe Dementia DOC: {{c1::Memantine + Donepezil}}
Published	07/30/2024	Memantine MOA: {{c1::NMDA antagonist}}
Published	07/30/2024	Memantine has no benefit in AD px with {{c1::down syndrome::condition}}
Published	07/30/2024	Memantine ADEs:{{c1::ConstipationSexual hyperactivity (rare)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Anti-amyloid Antibodies:{{c1::SolanezumabBapineuzumab}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Beta-site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitor{{c1::Verubecestat}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Tau disassembly inhibitor{{c1::Epothilone-D}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only effective type of Gingko Biloba against Alzheimer Disease is {{c1::EGV761}}
Status	Last Update	Fields