Notes in Sleep Physiology and Disorders

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/23/2024	{{c2::Insomnia}} is characterized by a problem with sleep {{c1::initation}} or sleep {{c1::maintenance}}, resulting in {{c3::daytime}} consequences (t…
Published	09/23/2024	Chronic {{c2::insomnia}} disorder is diagnosed by having symptoms ≥ {{c1::3}} per week over a duration of > {{c1::3}} months
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Short term}} insomnia has the same criteria as {{c2::chronic}} insomnia disorder except: symptoms last {{c3::< 3}} months
Published	09/23/2024	What is first line treatment for chronic insomnia?{{c1::CBT + education on sleep hygiene::2}}
Published	09/23/2024	What is first line treatment for short term insomnia?{{c1::Education on sleep hygiene}}
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene: 1. When possible, maximize {{c1::regularity}} in activity and sleep schedule
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:2. Create a sleep-friendly {{c1::bedroom}} environment
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:3. Limit exposure to {{c1::bright light}} before daytime sleep
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:4. Make the last hour before bed a "{{c1::wind-down}}" time
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:5. Do not use {{c1::alcohol}} for sleep
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:6. {{c1::Smoking}} and other drugs will disrupt your sleep
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:7. Avoid {{c1::caffeinated products}} within {{c2::six}} hours of bedtime
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:8. {{c1::Exercise}} regularly, but avoid activities that {{c2::raise}} body temperature close to bedtime
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep Hygiene:9. Avoid consuming more than {{c2::8 to 10::how much?}} ounces of {{c1::liquids}} close to bedtime
Published	09/23/2024	Obstructure Sleep Apnea is diagnosed by {{c1::> 15}} obstructive events per hour OR {{c2::> 5}} obstructive events per hour + medical condition …
Published	09/25/2024	Central Sleep Apnea is due to a problem with the {{c1::CNS}}, and not due to obstruction
Published	09/23/2024	What breathing pattern is observed in Central Sleep apnea?{{c1::Cheyne-Stokes breathing}}
Published	09/23/2024	What are the two important central disorders of hypersomnolence?{{c1::Narcolepsy and Klein-Levin syndrome}}
Published	09/25/2024	What's the difference between type 1 and type 2 Narcolepsy?{{c1::Type 1 HAS cataplexy or hypocretin deficiency}}
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Narcolepsy}} is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness + cataplexy and/or {{c2::hypocretin-1 (orexin)}} deficiency in {{c4::CSF}} ({{c3::…
Published	09/23/2024	What is the cure for narcolepsy treatment?{{c1::None :)}}
Published	09/23/2024	What is the preferred treatment of narcolepsy?{{c1::Modafinil}}
Published	09/27/2024	What two drugs are used to control cataplexy?{{c1::TCA and SSRI}}
Published	09/25/2024	What drug is used to treat BOTH cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness?{{c1::Gamma hydroxybutyrate}}
Published	09/23/2024	What demographic is most affected by Kleine-Levin Syndrome?{{c1::Adolescent males (70%)}}
Published	09/27/2024	Up to how many hours can patients with Kleine-Levin Syndrome sleep to?{{c1::20}}
Published	09/23/2024	What disease is characterized by excessive food intake, irritability, disorientation, hallucinations, and abnormally uninhibited sex drive?{{c1::Klein…
Published	09/23/2024	What is the next step in management for a patient diagnosed with Kleine-Levin Syndrome?{{c1::Watchful waiting}}
Published	09/23/2024	What are the two most common circadian rhythm disorders?{{c1::Shift work disorder and jet lag}}
Published	09/23/2024	If the ciracadian rhythm disorder isn't shift or jet lag, what's the duration?{{c1::Longer than 3 monthts}}
Published	09/27/2024	What percent of shift workers meet criteria for shift work disorder?{{c1::33%}}
Published	09/23/2024	Which circadian rhythm disorder has a familial version due to gene mutation?{{c1::Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder}}
Published	09/23/2024	Which circadian rhythm disorder has blind patients?{{c1::Non-24 hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder}}
Published	09/27/2024	What are the 2 categories of parasomnias?{{c1::NREM and REM-related parasomnias}}
Published	09/23/2024	What's the difference between NREM and REM related parasomnias?{{c1::REM-related diagnosis requires stuff happening during REM}}
Published	09/25/2024	Many patients with parasomnias will develop {{c1::alpha-synucleinopathies (Parkinson's)}}, and it may by caused by meds like {{c2::serotonergic antide…
Published	09/28/2024	Which sleep-related movement disorder can be caused by end-stage renal disease, hemodialysis, iron deficiency, meds, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, preg…
Published	09/23/2024	What are three treatments for restless legs syndrome?{{c1::Iron supplement}}, {{c1::dopaminergic agents}}, and {{c1::Gabapentin}}
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Zeitgebers}} are environmental cues that usually help keep the circadian cycle.
Published	09/23/2024	Which nuclei is our biological clock{{c1::suprachiasmatic nuclei}}
Published	09/27/2024	The suprachiasmatic nuclei is innervated by the {{c2::retina}} via the {{c1::retinohypothalamic tract}}
Published	09/23/2024	What is this?{{c1::Actogram}}
Published	09/23/2024	Axons carrying information to the SCN exit the {{c1::optic chiasm}} and innervate the SCN
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Per (period)}} and {{c1::Cry (cryptochrome)}} genes in the nucleus are activated by the binding of the proteins {{c2::BMAL1}} and {{c2::CLO…
Published	09/23/2024	PER protein will degrade unless it forms a {{c1::dimer}}.Dimers interact with BMAL1/CLOCK to block {{c2::activation}}.{{c3::Negative}} feedb…
Published	09/25/2024	What are the 3 roles of casein kinase 1 epsilon?1. {{c1::Destabilize PER}}2. {{c2::Translocation of dimers}}3. {{c3::Degrades PER/CRY i…
Published	09/23/2024	The {{c1::tau}} mutation in CK1e results in a change in the timing of production of proteins which influence circadian behaviors .
Published	09/23/2024	A small change (tau mutation) to the CK1e protein causes CK1e to become much less effective in phosphorylating PER proteins, so {{c1::increased::incre…
Published	09/27/2024	hPer2 mutation is related to {{c1::familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)}}, because the hPer2 protein is {{c2::less}} susceptible to degradat…
Published	09/27/2024	What are four chemical controls of sleep?1. {{c1::IL-1}}2. {{c2::Delta sleep-inducing peptide}}3. {{c3::Serotonin}}4. {{c4::Muramy…
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::ML1}} receptors in SCN and neural retina {{c2::inhibit}} SCN activity.
Published	09/23/2024	What compound produced in lateral/posterior hypothalamus is active during wakefulness?{{c1::Orexin}}
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Suvorexant}} is a dual orexin receptor {{c2::antagonist}} that is indicated for {{c3::insomnia}}
Published	09/27/2024	Which system extends from the brainstrem rostrally to the basal forebrain and influences alertness, attention, and wakefulness?{{c1::Ascending reticul…
Published	09/25/2024	{{c1::Electroencephalogram (EEG)}} can detect the average electrical activity of all cells (excitatory and inhibitory) in brain region under electrode
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Electromyogram (EMG)}} measures {{c2::muscle}} tone
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Electro-oculogram (EOG)}} measures {{c2::eye}} movement
Published	09/25/2024	Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?{{c1::Despite appearing 'awake' physiologically, the sleeper is very difficult to waken.}}
Published	09/23/2024	What percent of sleep is in REM sleep?{{c1::25%}}
Published	09/23/2024	What percent of people report dreaming in REM sleep?{{c1::80%}}
Published	09/23/2024	Selective deprivation of REM sleep results in {{c1::REM rebound}}
Published	09/23/2024	{{c1::Pontine-Geniculate-Occipital (PGO)}} spikes are thought to trigger REM sleep
Published	09/23/2024	PGO spikes come {{c2::before::before or after}} REM sleep and continue throughout REM and are highly synchronized to {{c1::eye}} movements
Published	09/23/2024	Serotonergic neurons in dorsal {{c1::raphe nucleus}} and midbrain {{c2::periaqueductal gray matter}} fire maximally during {{c3::waking}}, and stop fi…
Published	09/23/2024	Volunteers who had a sleep session between learning and testing periods performed {{c1::significantly better}} at recall.
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep is associated with 60% {{c1::increase}} in brain interstitial space
Published	09/23/2024	Sleep can cause an increase in {{c1::convective exchange}} of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid (glymphatic system)
Published	09/23/2024	What's the moral of the story?{{c1::}}
Status	Last Update	Fields