Notes in 02Cytology

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eukaryotes}} are characterized by the presence of true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes}} are characterized by the absence of nuclear envelope; nuclear substance is mixed with the rest of the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nucleus}} - contains and transmits genetic material of the cell in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma/Plasma memebrane/Cytolemma}} - outer trilaminar-appearing membrane that surrounds the cell and acts as a selective bar…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Membrane proteins}} - do not form external and internal layers; globular and floating like icebergs in a sea of lipids. Help to move large molec…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transmembrane proteins}} - span the entire thickness of the membranecan assemble into complexes of two or more more protein molecules to form a …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Peripheral Proteins}} - attached to the inner or outer membrane leaflet by weak non-covalent bonds to other proteins or lipids
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intrinsic Proteins}} - embedded within the lipid bilayer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glycocalyx}} - glycoprotein and polysaccharide covering of the external surface of the cell membrane that plays an important role in histocompat…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytoplasm}} - protoplasm outside of the nucleus which contains the different organelles and inclusions of the cellthe ground substance of the pr…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endoplasm}} - located near the nucleus, usually in sol (soluble) phase and manifest active streaming, cellular components are car…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exoplasm}} - adjacent to the cell membrane (occupies periphery of the plasmalemma), usually in gel state, relatively free of cell…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endoplasmic Reticulum}} consists of anastomosing network of intercommunicating channels and sacs formed by a continuous membrane
Published	07/30/2024	most typical; interconnecting networks of membranous tubules, vesicles, flattened sacs that ramifies throughout the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::R::R/S}}ER has ribosomes on the surface
Published	07/30/2024	2 functions of RERFunctions:(1) {{c1::Synthesis of secretory protein}} and(2) {{c1::its storage within the intracisternal space}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cisternae are more tubular
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus}} - Stacked flat, saucer shaped cisternae that concentrates, modifies, and sorts secretory products (usually pro…
Published	07/30/2024	The golgi apparatus is the site of accumulation and concentration of secretory products in what type of cells?
Published	07/30/2024	The golgi apparatus concentrates and packages hydrolytic enzymes as what in cells
Published	07/30/2024	Golgi apparatus process1. {{c1::Forming / cis face receives the secretory products carried within transfer vesicles}}- secretory products are usually …
Published	07/30/2024	Can the mitochondria self replicate?
Published	07/30/2024	how many membranes does the mitochondria have?
Published	07/30/2024	Which membrane of the mitochondria is continuous
Published	07/30/2024	Which membrane in the mitochondria forms the cristae (split-like infolding)
Published	07/30/2024	What does it mean if there are more cristae in the mitochondria
Published	07/30/2024	In what type of cell are mitochondria found in (Eu/Pro)
Published	07/30/2024	Are mitochondria the same shape and number in every cell?
Published	07/30/2024	Function of the Mitochondria○ {{c1::Synthesis of ATP (source of cell energy) from substrates (glucose, fatty acids) via the krebs cycle}}○ {{c1::Accum…
Published	07/30/2024	Cristae penetrate the what?
Published	07/30/2024	Cristae are covered in what?
Published	07/30/2024	Krebs cycle enzymes are found in the {{c1::mitochondria matrix interior}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are inside the double membrane of mitochondria?
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lysosomes::organelle}} - small, membrane-bound, varied in shapes and sizes and contain hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) for intracellular di…
Published	07/30/2024	In what cells are lysosomes most abundant?
Published	07/30/2024	Lysosome Functions:○ {{c1::Cellular defense mechanism; site of destruction of foreign bodies}}○ {{c1::Normal replacement of cellular components and or…
Published	07/30/2024	2 types of lysosomes1. {{c1::Primary}} lysosomes: resting lysosomes2. {{c1::Secondary}} lysosomes: active lysosomes (engaged in digestion)
Published	07/30/2024	Which type of lysosome has particulate matter being digested
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary lysosome simple description for heterophagocytosis (equation)
Published	07/30/2024	process of normal replacement of damaged or dying cellular organelles / components worn-out organelles are surrounded by membrane
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary lysosome simple description for autophagocytosis (equation)
Published	07/30/2024	what happens to residual bodies from heterophagocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	what happens to residual bodies from autophagocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	self-duplicating pair of short rods with hollow cylinder; open at one end, closed at the other usually perpendicular at long axis to each other
Published	07/30/2024	Where are the Centriole / Centrosome / Diplosome located
Published	07/30/2024	Centriole / Centrosome / Diplosome functions○ Important in {{c1::cell division; duplicate and move to either side of cell::process}}○ organizes {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	membrane-bound; contains fine granular homogenous content, sometimes with crystalloid body (if it contains acid hydrolases) contains enzymes for hydro…
Published	07/30/2024	Peroxisomes / Microbodies looks the same as which lysosome
Published	07/30/2024	Perixosome function
Published	07/30/2024	What is the red thick pointed region
Published	07/30/2024	Which lysosome is which?
Published	07/30/2024	slender structures that maintain cellular shape
Published	07/30/2024	Filaments functions○ maintain {{c1::cohesion}} of epithelial cells to each other (tonofilaments)○ found in {{c1::adhesions}} between adjacent cells of…
Published	07/30/2024	2 types of filaments
Published	07/30/2024	which filament maintains cohesion of epithelial cells to each other
Published	07/30/2024	MICROFILAMENTS diameter
Published	07/30/2024	INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS / TONOFILAMENTS diameter
Published	07/30/2024	Where can INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS be found and what are they called
Published	07/30/2024	slender, circular structures of 13 globular units
Published	07/30/2024	MicrotubulesFunctions○ Forms the {{c1::mitotic spindle}}○ Play a role in {{c1::maintaining diverse cell shape}}○ {{c1::Axoplasmic Transport}} in Neuro…
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate filaments in connective tissues are known as what?
Published	07/30/2024	How many globular units form Microtubules
Published	07/30/2024	Microtubules are helical cylinders composed of {{c1::13}} protofilaments
Published	07/30/2024	How many microtubules form cilia
Published	07/30/2024	only visible with electron microscope and parallel cisternae with small pores at regular interval along their length similar structure with nucle…
Published	07/30/2024	Annulate Lamellae functions
Published	07/30/2024	Lifeless accumulations of metabolites or cell products regarded as dispensable and often temporary constituents and generally insignificant for cell s…
Published	07/30/2024	Materials with natural color that do not require staining by dyes.
Published	07/30/2024	2 types of pigments
Published	07/30/2024	Examples of exogenous pigments
Published	07/30/2024	Examples of endogenous pigments
Published	07/30/2024	In light microscopy (LM), they are seen as round, clear areas in the cytoplasm because the it is extracted by solvents and They would have a sign…
Published	07/30/2024	During preparations of slides for light microscopy, would lipids still be there?
Published	07/30/2024	In electron microscopy (EM), lipids appear as {{c1::black spherical droplets of varying sizes}}, due to the lipids taking up the {{c1::osmium tetroxid…
Published	07/30/2024	Where are glycogen granules found
Published	07/30/2024	Glycogen granules appear as what in the liver?
Published	07/30/2024	What are the two types of glycogen granules and they describe what?
Published	07/30/2024	Crystals and crystalloids are {{c1::protein}} in nature.
Published	07/30/2024	Crystal, under the electron microscope, they show a regular {{c1::lattice}} pattern.
Published	07/30/2024	Do all cells have crystals?
Published	07/30/2024	Are crystals membrane bound?
Published	07/30/2024	Describe Zymogen secretory granules
Published	07/30/2024	Nuclei are found in all cells EXCEPT in? (Real examples)
Published	07/30/2024	Are platelets cells?
Published	07/30/2024	The nucleus stains what? basophilic/eosinophilic
Published	07/30/2024	The repository/archive of hereditary factors in the form of chromosomes
Published	07/30/2024	Presence of this type of nucleus means that there are intense metabolic activities in the cell.Nucleus contains more of the metabolically active form …
Published	07/30/2024	Example of cell with a vesicular nucleus
Published	07/30/2024	Nucleus with segments
Published	07/30/2024	How many nuclear segments are there in eosinophils
Published	07/30/2024	How many nuclear segments are there in neutrophil or in white blood cells (WBCs)
Published	07/30/2024	Multinucleate cells examples
Published	07/30/2024	Single nucleus but has many lobes
Published	07/30/2024	MULTI-LOBATED NUCLEUS are found in what cells?
Published	07/30/2024	Dark-staining nucleus
Published	07/30/2024	Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Published	07/30/2024	How many parallel membranes is the nuclear membrane composed of
Published	07/30/2024	regulate the entry and exit of the substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Published	07/30/2024	Does the nuclear membrane have ribosomes?
Published	07/30/2024	Contains DNA and protein and the structural manifestation of chromosomes in interphase. This means that the chromatin is the term for the chromosomes …
Published	07/30/2024	Differentiate the chromatin
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nucleolus::organelle}} - Rounded conspicuous structure, Rich in RNA and basic proteins
Published	07/30/2024	Nucleolus is intensely {{c1::basophilic::stain nature}} due to the presence of ribonucleoproteins
Published	07/30/2024	site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Published	07/30/2024	site of ribosomal assembly
Published	07/30/2024	In females, there could be a small visible mass known as the?
Published	07/30/2024	In female neutrophils, granular leukocytes are seen as the
Published	07/30/2024	Do all neutrophils or femals cells show bar bodies or drumstick appendages?
Published	07/30/2024	Is identifying barr bodies enough to determine the genetic sex of an individual using light microscopy?
Published	07/30/2024	What type of cells undergo mitosis
Published	07/30/2024	do Terminally-differentiated cells (e.g. neurons) undergo mitosis?
Published	07/30/2024	Mitosis involve how many cell divisions?
Published	07/30/2024	Mitosis produces?{{c1::2 diploid cells (46 chromosomes each) that are genetically identical to the parent cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	diploid cells have {{c1::46}} chromosomes
Published	07/30/2024	ProphasePrometaphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase (and cytokinesis)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pro}}phase - Chromosomes condense, shorten, and thickenNucleolus and nuclear membrane disappears[Phase]
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prometa}}phase - Chromosome will attach to the kinetochore points in the mitotic spindle
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Kinetochore}} - Prevents unequal number of chromosomes during anaphase and maintains the {{c2::metaphase checkpoint}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Meta}}phase - Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ana}}phase - Centromeres of chromosomes split and go to opposite directions
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Telo}}phase - Chromatin expands, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasmic membrane divides the cell into 2 daughter cells (Cytokinesis)
Published	07/30/2024	What does meiosis produce?{{c1::Produces 4 haploid cells (23 chromosomes each) that are structurally different from each other and from the parent cel…
Published	07/30/2024	What forms sperm flagellum?
Published	07/30/2024	Which has more cytoplasm? ovum or sperm
Published	07/30/2024	Chromosomes/Karyotype of a sperm: {{c1::23X or 23Y}}
Published	07/30/2024	What distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?{{c1::Chiasma formation, character of daughter cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the ff. has a vesicular nucleus? (a) fibroblast (b) neuron (c) osteoclast (d) skeletal muscle
Published	07/30/2024	What is responsible for histocompatibility?
Published	07/30/2024	Which organelle is responsible for axoplasmic transport in neurons?
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the ff. describes the nuclear membrane? (a) trilaminar (b) connected with Golgi complex (c) presence of pores (d) thinner…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of these structures....1. ...functions for synthesis of steroid hormones?2. ... is important for actively proliferating cells?3. ...possesses a …
Published	07/30/2024	Which of these structures....1. … protects from harmful effects of the sun?2. ….is seen only in the cell of a 65 year-old individual?3. …is abundant i…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of these structures....1. ...have cells nearing cell death?2. ...has a vesicular nucleus?
Published	07/30/2024	1. Which is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis?2. Which structure shows the presence of pores?
Published	07/30/2024	under the electron microscope, the cell membrane appears {{c1::tri}}laminar
Published	07/30/2024	The trilaminar cell membrane of the {{c2::Classical model of Davson and Danielli::model and founders}} consists of:{{c1::Outer protein layerCenter lip…
Published	07/30/2024	Cell model that postulates a bilaminar cell membrane{{c1::Fluid Mosaic Model of Singer and Nicholson}}
Published	07/30/2024	membrane proteins embedded within the lipid bilyaer{{c1::intrinsic proteins}}
Published	07/30/2024	it gives the cell a structural integrity, and protection{{c1::Glycocalyx}}
Published	07/30/2024	What structures are contained within the cytoplasm?{{c1::1. Organelles2. Inclusions}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two parts of cytoplasm{{c1::1. Endoplasm2. Exoplasm}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::endo}}plasm is usually in a {{c2::sol}} state
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::exo}}plasm is usually in a {{c2::gel}} state
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::endo}}plasm carries most of the cellular components
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::exo}}plasm is relatively free of cellular components
Published	07/30/2024	Which ER appears like flattened sacs{{c1::RER}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which ER appears like tubular networks{{c1::SER}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::rough}} endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the {{c1::outer nuclear membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	The smooth endoplasmic reticulum may be continuous with the:{{c1::1. RER2. golgi complex3. plasmalemma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Special function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum inliver - {{c1::detoxification}}
Published	07/30/2024	Special function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum instriated muscle - {{c1::calcium release and recapture}}
Published	07/30/2024	Special function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum inadrenal cortex - {{c1::biosynthesis of steroids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Special function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum inintestinal villi - {{c1::synthesis of neutral fats}}
Published	07/30/2024	Special function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum inparietal cells - {{c1::formation of HCl acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::cis}} face of the golgi complex is adjacent to the {{c2::RER}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::trans}} face of the golgi complex faces the {{c2::nucleus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Releasing area of the golgi complex{{c1::Maturing face or trans face}}
Published	07/30/2024	Receiving area of the golgi complex{{c1::Forming face or cis face}}
Published	07/30/2024	Golgi complex packages secretory products within {{c1::vesicles}}
Published	07/30/2024	cis face of golgi complex receives the secretory products carried within {{c1::transfer vesicles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Secretory products is released from the trans face of golgi complex as {{c1::secretory granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/Fmitochondria is present in ALL eukaryotic cells{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mitrochondria{{c2::Krebs cycle}} enzymes are located in the {{c1::matrix}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mitrochondria{{c2::Oxidative phorylation}} enzymes are located in the {{c1::inner membrane}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lysosomes have {{c1::homo}}genous structure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Heterophagocytosis}} is the process of lysosomes destroying {{c1::foreign bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Autophagocytosis}} is the process of lysosomes destroying {{c1::self components}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heterophagosomes}} are foreign bodies engulfed in limiting membranes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Autophagosomes}} are old organelles engulfed in limiting membranes
Published	07/30/2024	Residue indigestible by lysosome enzymes become{{c1::Residual bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Residual bodies}} accumulate in cells and becomes {{c1::lipofuscin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hydrolytic enzymes of {{c2::lysosomes}}{{c1::Acid hydrolase}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Centrosphere}} is a region of clear, differentiated cytoplasm from which the asters extend during cell division and containing the centriole(s) …
Published	07/30/2024	Centriols are {{c1::open}} at one end, {{c1::closed}} at the other
Published	07/30/2024	Centrioles are composed of {{c1::9}} {{ac2::triplets}} of aligned microtubules
Published	07/30/2024	Each centriole has how many tubules in total?{{c1::27}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which type of cell membrane fatty acid permits the fluidity and flexibility of the cell membrane
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::inner}} tubule of one unit of centriole is connected {{c1::outer}} tubule of another
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Peroxisomes}} are aka {{c1::microbodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peroxisomes have {{c1::varying::varying/similar}} sizes
Published	07/30/2024	Do membrane proteins form external and internal layers?
Published	07/30/2024	Peroxisomes would contain a crystalloid body IF it contains acid {{c1::hydrolases}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Catalase}} is an enzyme in peroxisomes that turns {{c1::H2O2}} into {{c2::H2O and O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxidase}} is an enzyme in peroxisomes that converts {{c2::free radicals}} into {{c3::H2O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	How many sub units is the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein composed of
Published	07/30/2024	Contains a receptor-binding domain that engages with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Published	07/30/2024	Organelle that prevents the build-up of hydrogen peroxide in the cell{{c1::Peroxisome/Microbody}}
Published	07/30/2024	Protein subunit that mediates fusion between the viral and host cell membranes in SARS-CoV 2
Published	07/30/2024	Cytoskeletal elements{{c1::1. Microfilaments2. Intermediate filaments3. Microtubules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cilia (motile) are composed of {{c1::9}} {{c2::duplets}} aligned microtubules with {{c3::2}} more microtubule units at the center
Published	07/30/2024	The ground substance of the protoplasm is the?
Published	07/30/2024	Globunit units of microfilaments{{c1::G-actin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Filamentous units of microfilaments{{c1::F-actin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate filaments in {{c2::epithelium}}{{c1::tonofilaments}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate filaments in {{c2::neurons}}{{c1::neurofilaments}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate filaments in {{c2::connective tissue}}{{c1::desmin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Globular units of microtubules{{c1::α tubulinβ tubulin}}
Published	07/30/2024	at what pH do lysosomes function at?
Published	07/30/2024	T/FAnnulate lamellae are visible only under the electron microscope{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Annulate lemellae are {{c1::parallel::parallel/perpendicular}} cisternae with {{c2::small pores::structure}} at regular interval along their length
Status	Last Update	Fields