Notes in 09Bacillus&Clostridium

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Published	07/30/2024	Characteristics common between Bacillus & Clostridium: {{c1::Gram positive bacilli}}{{c1::spore-forming}}{{c1::ubiquitous}}{{c1::saprophytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacilus - {{c1::aerobe::aerobe/anaerobe}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium - {{c1::anaerobe::aerobe/anaerobe}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium - {{c1::catalase-negative::catalase-negative/positive}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacilus- {{c1::catalase-positive::catalase-negative/positive}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most bacillus species are {{c1::Saprophytes::mode of nutrition}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Bacillus cereus group is the most medically relevant. It consists of: (4){{c1::B. anthracis}}, {{c1::B. cereus}}, {{c1::B. thuringiensis…
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus - {{c1::Square ends arranged in long chains::morphology/appearance}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus spores are {{c1::centrally located::location}}
Published	07/30/2024	Characteristic appearance of B. anthracis in a culture – {{c1::round::shape}} with {{c1::“cut glass”}} appearance in transmitted light.
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus shows an {{c1::inverted fir tree}} appearance in a gelatin stab (motile strains).
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus anthracis is primarily a disease among {{c1::herbivores::animal class}}. Thus, it is transmitted as a {{c2::Zoonotic}} infection.
Published	07/30/2024	MOT - Bacillus anthracisAnimals- {{c2::oral}}Humans {{c1::Cutaneous anthrax}}(injured skin) –95% of infection {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::culture}}, B. anthracis does not produce a capsule, {{c1::is not::is/is not}} virulent, and {{c1::does not::does/does not}} induce anthr…
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis toxins are composed of 3 proteins:1. {{c1::Protective antigen (PA)}}2. {{c1:: Edema factor (EF)}}3. {{c1::Lethal factor (LF)}}
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis Toxins:{{c1::Protective antigen (PA)}} - mediates entry of EF and LF
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis Toxins:{{c2::Lethal Factor}} + {{c2::Edema Factor}} = {{c1::Edema toxin}}
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis Toxins:{{c2::Lethal Factor}} + {{c2::Protective Antigen}} = {{c1::Lethal toxin}}
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis diseases:{{c1::Woolsorter’s disease}} - Spores from the dust of wool, hair, or hides are inhaled → route of entry through lungs → en…
Published	07/30/2024	Pruritic papule in 1-7 days → formation of vesicles → vesicles rupture and form necrotic ulcer of 1-3 cm with a central black eschar
Published	07/30/2024	In inhalational infections for B. anthracis, Diseases may incubate for {{c1::up to 6 weeks::how long}}
Published	07/30/2024	In inhalational infections for B. anthracis,manifestation includes {{c1::marked hemorrhagic necrosis}} and {{c1::edema of the medi…
Published	07/30/2024	GI infections for B. anthracis manifests as{{c1::Abdominal pain}}{{c1::Vomiting}}{{c1::Bloody diarrhea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Injection infections for B. anthracis manifests as{{c1::Extensive, painless, subcutaneous edema}}{{c1::Notable absence of the eschar}}{{c1::Edema…
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic test for B. anthracis:{{c1::Collect pus from lesion and body fluids}}
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis cultures on Blood agar{{c1::non-hemolytic::hemolytic/non-hemolytic}}Color: {{c1::gray to white}}Texture: {{c1::rough::smooth/rough}}…
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis definitive test. It must show any one of the ff:{{c1::Lysis by a specific anthrax γ-bacteriophage}}OR {{c1::detection of the capsule…
Published	07/30/2024	The FDA-approved vaccine for B. anthracis is given at {{c1::0-4 weeks old::age}}, then at {{c2::6, 12, and 18 mos.::other ages (3 more doses…
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis prophylactic treatment given exposure includes:o {{c1::Ciprofloxacin}} or {{c1::Doxycycline}} given for 60 dayso 3 doses of vaccine&…
Published	07/30/2024	The recommended drug for B. anthracis treatment is {{c1::Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Raxibacumab::B. anthracis treatment}} is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that prevents binding of PA to its receptors in host cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anthrax IVIg::B. anthracis treatment}} is a human polyclonal anti-serum which inhibits binding of PA to its receptors, but is used for seve…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Raxibacumab}} is a prophylactic and treatment for inhalational anthrax
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus Cereus causes {{c1::food poisoning}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus Cereus is diagnosed if food has a concentration of {{c1::105}} bacteria or higher per gram.
Published	07/30/2024	Presence of B. cereus in a patient’s stool {{c1::is not::is/is not}} diagnostic of the disease.
Published	07/30/2024	B. cereus non-GI diseases{{c1::Eye infections (severe keratitis and endophthalmitis)}}{{c1::Endocarditis}} {{c1::Catheter-associated bacteremia}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The most common types of B. cereus non-GI diseases are{{c1::Eye infections (severe keratitis and endophthalmitis)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium spores are located {{c1::centrally, subterminally, or terminally::location}} and are usually {{c1::wider::narrower/wid…
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium grows well on {{c1::chocolate and blood agar::medium}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Clostridium}} produces more toxins than any other group of bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium {{c1::can::cannot/can}} ferment a variety of sugars
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium {{c1::can::cannot/can}} digest proteins
Published	07/30/2024	The Clostridium botulinum {{c1::toxin::bacteria/spore/toxin}} causes {{c2::botulism}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium botulinum spores are diminished by {{c1::high acid}} and {{c2::high salt concentration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Botulinum toxin attaches to the {{c1::neuromuscular junction of nerves}} and prevents the release of  {{c2::acetylcholine}}, which resu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Botulinum toxin type A (Botox)::Toxin}} is also used medically to treat strabismus, wandering and chronic migraines, and as a beauty e…
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum toxins have 3 domains. {{c1::2 domains}} – binding to and entry of toxin into the nerve cell{{c1::3rd domain}} – the toxin itself
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum toxins target {{c1::SNARE}} proteins.
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum toxins have a lethal dose at {{c1::~1-2}}ug/kg
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum toxins are destroyed by heating for {{c1::20}} minutes at {{c1::100}}°C
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum toxins Antigenic varietiesDescription {{c1::A, B, E, F}}principal causes of human illness{{c2::A, B}}can …
Published	07/30/2024	Bacillus are aerobic, {{c1::gram-postive rods::gram +/-}} occuring in {{c1::chains::formation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate the Manifestations of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin:  {{c1::Foodborne botulism}} {{c1::Infant botulism}}{{c1::Adult-Ons…
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN  {{c1::Infant botulism}}: occurs when a child, typically between {{c2::3 weeks to…
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN  {{c1::Adult-onset infection}}: similar to infant botulism but only occurs in {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN  {{c1::Wound Botulism}}: occurs when a spore enters an open wound, converts to a …
Published	07/30/2024	Initial manifestations brought by C.Botulinum begins {{c1::18-24 hours}} after ingestion of the toxic food, they are:{{c2::Visual disturbances}}{{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Usual causes of death brought about by C. Botulinum:1. {{c1::Respiratory Paralysis}}2. {{c1::Cardiac Arrest}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic test for botulism requires the detection of the {{c1::toxin::Toxin/Spore/Bacteria}}
Published	07/30/2024	C. Botulinum Diagnostic Test{{c1::Mouse Bioassay}} - test of choice for the confirmation of botulism {{c1::ELISA or PCR}} - test for toxin and fo…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Botulism:{{c1::Supportive/Intensive care::Primary Treatment}} {{c1::Antitoxin for A, B, and E::Antitoxin for which variants?}}{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	To prevent Botulism, ensure destruction of spores by be boiling food for {{c2::20 minutes}} before consumption
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridium Tetani types can be distinguished by specific {{c2::flagellar antigens}}Common antigen: {{c1::Somatic O-antigen}}Common antigenic neur…
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanospasmin has 2 peptides: The {{c3::larger::smaller/larger}} peptide: diffuses to terminals of {{c1::inhibitory::inhibitory/stimulat…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Synaptobrevin (VAMP2)}}: Protein required for docking of neurotransmitter vesicles on the presynaptic membrane
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Clostridium Tetani::Clostridium Tetani/Clostridium Botulinum}} Passes the through the blood brain barrier
Published	07/30/2024	C.Tetani {{c1::is not::is/is not}} an invasive organism
Published	07/30/2024	Germination of the spores in C.Tetani and development of vegetative organisms that produce toxin are aided by {{c1::Necrotic Tissue}}{{c1::Calciu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Sound in the environment should be taken in consideration when treating patiets infected with C.Tetani
Published	07/30/2024	Causes death in C. Tetani infected patients: {{c1::Respiratory Arrest}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main differential Diagnosis of C. Tetanus: {{c1::Strychnine poisoning}}
Published	07/30/2024	TETANUS TREATMENT{{c1::Tetanus vaccine}} - given as a booster shot if last dose was {{c2::10}} years ago{{c1::Tetanus Immune Globulin}} - given if dir…
Published	07/30/2024	The Clostridium perfringens {{c1::bacteria::bacteria/spore/toxin}} causes {{c2::gas gangrene (myonecrosis)}} and {{c2::f…
Published	07/30/2024	TOXINS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS{{c1::Alpha Toxin (Lecithinase)}}{{c1::Theta Toxin (Cytolysin)}}{{c1::Epsilon Toxin}}{{c1::DNAse}}{{c1::Hyaluronidase…
Published	07/30/2024	TOXINS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENSAggregate platelets causing thrombus formation in small vessels [hemolytic effect] and destroy viable tissue ({{c2::g…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxins of Clostridium perfringens:Hemolytic and necrotizing effect but not a lecithinase{{c1::Theta Toxin (Cytolysin)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxins of Clostridium perfringens:Causes edema and hemorrhage {{c1::Epsilon Toxin}}
Published	07/30/2024	TOXINS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENSis formed when more than {{c4::>10^8}} vegetative cells (bacterial count) are ingested and sporulate in the gut co…
Published	07/30/2024	Lecithinase breaks down lecithin into {{c1::phosphorylcholine}} and {{c1::diglyceride}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C. Perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)::Clostridium Perfringens toxin}} may be a nonessential component of the spore coat and is distinct from other c…
Published	07/30/2024	reported to cause a toxic shock syndrome after medical abortion with mifepristone and intravaginal misoprostol and be implicated with endometrial infe…
Published	07/30/2024	occurs in the genital tracts of 5% of women: {{c1::C.Perfringens}}
Published	07/30/2024	C. perfringes spores germinate at {{c1::low::high/low}} redox potential
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridial bacteremia, especially that caused by {{c1::C. septicum}}, is a frequent occurrence in patients with {{c2::neoplasms}}
Published	07/30/2024	CLINICAL FINDINGS FOR C. PERFINGENS1. {{c1::Wound}} that lasts for {{c2::1-3 days}} with {{c3::crepitations}}, foul-smelling discharge, rapid necr…
Published	07/30/2024	TREATMENT FOR C. PERFINGENS{{c1::Aggressive Debridement}}{{c1::Early surgery (amputation)}}{{c1::Antibiotic}}{{c1::Antitoxin (questionable)}}
Published	07/30/2024	DIAGNOSIS FOR C. PERFINGENS{{c1::culture}}{{c1::MALDI-TOF MS}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Clostridium difficile {{c2::toxin::spore/bacteria/toxin}} causes {{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	how to diagnose pseudomembranous colitis{{c1::clinical diagnosis (history of intake of antibiotics)}}{{c2::demonstration of toxin in the stool (an…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Common antibiotics associated with formation of pseudomembranous colitis: {{c1::Ampicillin}}{{c1::Clindamycin}}{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxins produced by C. Difficile: {{c1::Toxin A}} - {{c2::Enterotoxin}}{{c1::Toxin B}} - {{c2::Cytotoxin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for patients with recurrent difficile infection: {{c1::Stool transplant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pseudomembranous colitis is treated by discontinuing administration of the offending antibiotic and orally giving:{{c1::Metronidazole}}{{c1::Vanco…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea}} is less severe than the classic form of pseudomembranous colitis and can be caused by {{c2::C. difficile}},…
Published	07/30/2024	Hemolysis is {{c1::rare::rare/common}} among saprophytes (such as B. anthracis)
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::vivo}}, B. anthracis produces a virulent {{c2::poly-γ-d-glutamic acid}} capsule
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning:From fried rice, milk, and pasta{{c1::Emetic::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Type
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning:Self-limiting, patient recovery within 24 hours{{c1::Emetic::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Type
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning]nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally diarrhea{{c1::Emetic::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Type
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning:From dishes and sauces{{c1::Diarrheal::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Type
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning]profuse diarrhea with abdominal pain and cramps; fever and vomiting uncommon{{c1::Diarrheal::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Typ…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning:Caused by one of three possible enterotoxins{{c1::Diarrheal::Emetic/Diarrheal}} Type
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Bacillus Cereus Poisoning:Caused by ingestion of a plasmid-encoded preformed {{c1::emetic}} cyclic peptide ({{c1::emetic}} toxin) in contamina…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C. perfringens::Clostridium}} forms large, raised colonies, and exhibits a double zone of β-hemolysis around colonies
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C. tetani::Clostridium}} forms smaller colonies
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C. septicum::Clostridium}} forms spread or swarm on the agar surface
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Principal causes of human illness{{c1::A, B, E, F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Can be obtained from a variety of foods{{c1::A, B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Obtained from fish products{{c1::E}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Causes botulism in mammals{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Not associated with disease{{c1::G}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Targets SNAP 25{{c1::A, C, E}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Targets Synaptobrevin{{c1::B, D, F, G}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Targets Syntaxin{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the C. Botulinum Toxin/s:Causes infant botulism{{c1::A, B, F}}
Published	07/30/2024	To diagnose infant botulism, test the {{c1::feces::plasma/serum/pus/feces}}
Published	07/30/2024	To diagnose usual botulism, test the {{c1::serum::plasma/serum/pus/feces}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanospasmin has 2 peptides: The {{c2::smaller::smaller/larger}} peptide: Degrades {{c1::synaptobrevin (VAMP2)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Findings for C. perfringensWounds that would present in {{c2::1-3::range}} days with {{c1::crepitations}}, foul-smelling discharge, rapid nec…
Published	07/30/2024	Clostridial bacteremia, especially that caused by {{c1::C. septicum}}, is a frequent occurrence in patients with neoplasms.
Published	07/30/2024	All types of C. tetani share the {{c1::somatic O-}}antigen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tetanospasmin}} is a plasmid-encoded toxin produced by C. tetani.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MALDI-TOF MS}} - Rapid and sensitive test for the detection of clostridia used to diagnose C. perfringens
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnosis of {{c1::pseudomembranous colitis}} is Supported by demonstration of toxin in the stool (anaerobic toxigenic culture, enzyme immun…
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanospasmin has 2 peptides: The {{c1::larger::smaller/larger}} peptide: Diffuses to terminals of inhibitory cells, including both {{c2::glycine…
Published	07/30/2024	QC Amount that crosses the BBB 1. Clostridium tetani 2. Clostridium botulinumA. 1>2B. 1<2C. 1=2Answer: {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B. anthracis}} in blood agar forms nonhemolytic gray to white, tenacious colonies with rough texture and {{c2::ground-glass}} appearance.
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis in blood agar has comma-shaped outgrowths called “{{c1::Medusa head}}” or “curled hair”
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis cultures in blood agar have bacterial capsules that are demonstrated by using a {{c1::bicarbonate}}-containing medium in 5-7% carbon…
Published	07/30/2024	Choose which of the following is NOT a definitive test (result) for Anthrax:A. A specific anthrax γ-bacteriophage causes lysis which is shownB. Fluore…
Published	07/30/2024	Morphology and Identification: Bacillus Size: {{c1::1 x 3-4 μm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Morphology and Identification: Bacillus spores location: {{c1::Centrally located}}
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin: {{c1::Adult-onset infection}}: similar to infant botulism but only occurs in immuno…
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin: {{c1::Infant botulism}}: occurs when a child, typically between 3 weeks to 6 months…
Published	07/30/2024	Main Complication of Infant Botulism: {{c1::SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanus Treatment:{{c1::Tetanus vaccine}} - given as a booster shot if last dose was {{c2::10}} years ago/ vaccination status is unknown
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanus Treatment:{{c1::Tetanus Immune Globulin}} - given in other wounds (not clean and minor wounds) if vaccination status is unknown
Published	07/30/2024	Toxins of Clostridium perfringens:Aggregate platelets causing thrombus formation in small vessels [hemolytic effect] and destroy viable tissue (gas ga…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytolysin}} (toxin) in C. perfringens attacks the cell membrane by forming pores.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lecithinase}} (toxin) in C. perfringens attacks the cell membrane by splitting the lecithin found there.
Published	07/30/2024	Toxins of Clostridium perfringens:Is formed when more than {{c2::>10^8}} vegetative cells (bacterial count) are ingested and sporulate in the gut. …
Published	07/30/2024	Treatments for Botulism:{{c1::Supportive/Intensive care::Primary Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatments for Botulism:Antitoxin against {{c1::A, B, and E::3}} variants.
Published	07/30/2024	Treatments for Botulism:{{c1::IV Ig::Advised for infants}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment of C. Tetani:{{c1::Wound debridement::Procedure}} to remove the offending agent
Published	07/30/2024	Prevention of C. Tetani:Active immunization with {{c1::toxoids}}Aggressive {{c2::wound}} careProphylactic use of {{c3::antitoxin}}Administration of {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin:  {{c1::Foodborne botulism}}: occurs when C. botulism spores survive in improperl…
Published	07/30/2024	Members of Bacillus have different Bacterial pathogenesis due to bacterial {{c1::plasmids}}.
Published	07/30/2024	B. anthracis cultures {{c1::have::have/do not have}} a capsule Demonstrated using {{c2::bicarbonate-containing medium}} in {{c2::5-7% carbon…
Published	07/30/2024	Most Clostridium are {{c1::motile::non-motile/motile}}
Status	Last Update	Fields