Notes in (2) Mechanism of Toxicity and Toxicokinetics

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/22/2024	Involves toxicant delivery to its target or targets and interactions with endogenous target molecules
Published	02/22/2024	Biotransformation of agents to a more harmful product
Published	02/22/2024	Biotransformation of the toxicant to prevent or to eliminate damage
Published	02/22/2024	Controlled, organized process whereby individual cells break into small fragments that are phagocytosed by adjacent cells or macrophages
Published	02/22/2024	Apoptosis is known as
Published	02/22/2024	Sustained elevation of intracellular calcium ion levels will lead to harmful effects which leads to:
Published	02/22/2024	Function of microfilaments
Published	02/22/2024	Microfilaments are made of a protein called
Published	02/22/2024	Evidence from various events, but are not very reliable
Published	02/22/2024	Evidence that is performed after an autopsy
Published	02/22/2024	Evidence of poisoning that adminsters suspected substance to a living animal and noting the effect of the symptoms
Published	02/22/2024	Evidence of poisoning in which detection of suspected substance via analysis of sample body fluids collected
Published	02/22/2024	Evidence of poisoning in which poisoning signs and symptoms are observed
Published	02/22/2024	Sustained elevation of intracellular calcium ion levels will lead to:Depletion of energy reserves by inhibiting the {{c1::ATPase}} used in oxidative p…
Published	02/22/2024	Sustained elevation of intracellular calcium ion levels will lead to:{{c1::Depletion of energy reserves by inhibiting the ATPase used in oxidative pho…
Published	02/22/2024	Sustained elevation of {{c1::intracellular calcium ion}} levels will lead to:{{c1::Depletion of energy reserves}} by inhibiting the ATPase used in oxi…
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Microfilaments}} assist in cell movements and are made of protein called actin. Actin works with another protein called {{c1::myosin}} to produc…
Published	02/22/2024	Microfilaments {{c1::assist in cell movements}} and are made of protein called actin. Actin works with another protein called myosin to produce {{c1::…
Published	02/22/2024	Presence of {{c1::free radicals}} may cause DNA damage to cells.
Published	02/22/2024	Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are considered as {{c1::harmful free radicals}} that are being produced during {{c2::stressful conditio…
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species}} are considered as harmful free radicals that are being produced during stressful conditions and…
Published	02/22/2024	Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are considered as {{c1::harmful free radicals}} that are being produced during {{c1::stressful conditio…
Published	02/22/2024	The breakdown of cells into small fragments will lead to cell {{c1::death}}
Published	02/22/2024	Cellular injury progresses to {{c1::cell necrosis}} if molecular repair mechanism fails or {{c1::the damage is irreversible.}}
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Cellular injury}} progresses to cell necrosis if {{c1::molecular repair mechanism fails}} or the damage is irreversible.
Published	02/22/2024	Carcinogenesis may be resulted due to the following:{{c1::Failure of DNA repairFailure of apoptosis (cell death) Failure to terminate cell prolif…
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Carcinogenesis}} may be resulted due to the following:Failure of DNA repairFailure of apoptosis (cell death) Failure to terminate cell prol…
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Carcinogenesis}} may be resulted due to the following:Failure of DNA repairFailure of apoptosis (cell death) Failure to {{c1::terminate cel…
Published	02/22/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Toxic action of a drug is always a result of an exaggeration of its therapeutic action
Published	02/22/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: One toxicant may exert several mechanisms of toxic action.
Published	02/22/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: The toxic action may be brought about by the parent compound and/or its metabolites.
Published	02/22/2024	Intensity of a toxic effect depends primarily on the {{c1::concentration}} and {{c1::persistence}} of the ultimate toxicant at its site of action.
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Intensity of a toxic effect}} depends primarily on the concentration and persistence of the {{c1::ultimate toxicant}} at its site of action.
Published	02/22/2024	The factors affecting the effect of poisons inculde:{{c1::Route of AdministrationConcentrationSolubilityAge of PatientHabitToleranceIdiosyncrasy}}
Published	02/22/2024	The factors affecting the effect of poisons inculde:Route of AdministrationConcentration{{c1::Solubility}}{{c1::Age of Patient}}Habit{{c1::Tolerance}}…
Published	02/22/2024	The {{c1::ultimate toxicant}} is responsible for causing the toxicity in a system
Published	02/22/2024	Sources of ultimate toxicant include:{{c1::Parent compound from a biological source Metabolite Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species produced …
Published	02/22/2024	Sources of ultimate toxicant include:{{c1::Parent compound }}Metabolite {{c1::Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species}} produced by biotransform…
Published	02/22/2024	Generally reduces the toxic effects of chemicals that reach their target sites by way of the systemic circulation
Published	02/22/2024	Transfer of a chemical from the site of exposure into the systemic circulation
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicants exit the blood and may enter extracellular spaces to reach their site of action
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Facilitation Distribution to a Target:{{c1::Porosity of the capillary endothelium Specialized transport across the plasma membrane&nbs…
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Facilitation Distribution to a Target:{{c1::Porosity}} of the capillary endothelium {{c1::Specialized transport}} across the plasma me…
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Facilitation Distribution to a Target:{{c1::Porosity of the capillary endothelium }}Specialized transport across the plasma membrane&n…
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Opposing Distribution to a Target:{{c1::Binding to plasma proteins Specialized barriers Distribution to storage sites Associ…
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Opposing Distribution to a Target:Binding to plasma proteins {{c1::Specialized barriers }}Distribution to storage sites Asso…
Published	02/22/2024	Mechanisms Opposing Distribution to a Target:{{c2::Binding to plasma proteins }}{{c2::Specialized barriers }}Distribution to storage sites&n…
Published	02/22/2024	Removal of xenobiotics from blood and their return to the external environmen
Published	02/22/2024	major excretory organs
Published	02/22/2024	Possible sites of excretion
Published	02/22/2024	These can cause Monday Disease
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::Nicotine}}: a true poison, but due to constant exposure, the human body has well-tolerated the poison, increasing their threshold levels
Published	02/22/2024	Genetic defects may lead to toxicity
Published	02/22/2024	a condition in which one can develop hemolytic anemia with sulfonamides, quinine, etc.
Published	02/22/2024	Phenomenon wherein the product can go back again into the system
Published	02/22/2024	Reabsorption occurs via?
Published	02/22/2024	A {{c1::low pH}} in the tubular fluid will result to a lipophilic character, while a {{c2::high pH}} will result to a lipophilic character
Published	02/22/2024	Toxication of a compound can lead to the possible production of:{{c1::Electrophiles Free radicals Nucleophiles Redox active reactants}}
Published	02/22/2024	Toxication of a compound can lead to the possible production of:{{c1::Electrophiles }}{{c2::Free radicals }}{{c1::Nucleophiles }}{{c2::…
Published	02/22/2024	The results of a failed detoxification are:{{c1::Toxicant overwhelms the detoxification process}} {{c2::Reactive toxicant inactivates a detoxifyi…
Published	02/22/2024	The results of a failed detoxification are:Toxicant {{c1::overwhelms}} the detoxification process Reactive toxicant {{c1::inactivates}} a detoxif…
Published	02/22/2024	Most prevalent target molecules of toxicants
Published	02/22/2024	Types of reactions:{{c1::Covalent bindingNon-covalent bindingHydrogen abstractionElectron transferEnzymatic reaction}}
Published	02/22/2024	Types of reactions:Covalent binding{{c1::Non-covalent}} bindingHydrogen abstraction{{c1::Electron transfer}}{{c1::Enzymatic reaction}}
Published	02/22/2024	Types of reactions:{{c1::Covalent binding}}Non-covalent binding{{c1::Hydrogen abstraction}}Electron transferEnzymatic reaction
Published	02/22/2024	Description of covalent binding
Published	02/22/2024	Practically irreversible (permanent) Common with electrophilic toxicants and to a lesser degree with neutral free radicalsDescribes what reaction…
Published	02/22/2024	This reaction includes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic bonding
Published	02/22/2024	This reaction is common in membrane and intracellular receptor, ion channels, and enzymes
Published	02/22/2024	This reaction is Common in neutral free radicals
Published	02/22/2024	Hydrogen removal; formation of methylene/carbonyls, DNA cross-linking and other proteins are some of the reactions under this type of reaction.
Published	02/22/2024	oxidation of ferrous to ferric is an example of what reaction?
Published	02/22/2024	Diphtheria toxin follows what type of reaction?
Published	02/22/2024	Effects of toxicant on target molecules:{{c1::Dysfunction of target moleculesdestruction of target moleculesneoantigen formation}}
Published	02/22/2024	Effects of toxicant on target molecules:{{c1::Dysfunction}} of target molecules{{c1::destruction}} of target molecules{{c1::neoantigen}} formation
Published	02/22/2024	Newly formed antigens that have not been previously recognized by the immune system
Published	02/22/2024	Dysfunction of Target molecules:{{c1::Activation of protein target molecules  Mimicking endogenous ligands Inhibition of neurotransmitt…
Published	02/22/2024	Dysfunction of Target molecules:Activation of {{c1::protein target}} molecules  Mimicking endogenous {{c1::ligands}} Inhibition of {{c1…
Published	02/22/2024	Dysfunction of Target molecules:{{c1::Activation of protein target molecules  }}Mimicking endogenous ligands {{c1::Inhibition of neurot…
Published	02/22/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Cross-linking imposes both structural and functional constraints
Published	02/22/2024	DNA fragmentation can occur by opening of the {{c1::purine}}, {{c1::imidazole}} ring, contraction of pyrimidines, {{c1::single strand}} breaks, {…
Published	02/22/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Urushiol is an example of auto oxidation to quinones
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0468:top=.487:width=.0816:height=.0913:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.148:top=.7368:width=.1057:height=.0649:…
Published	02/22/2024	Plays an important role in cellular maintenance both for biosynthesis and source of energy
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicity not initiated by reactionw ith target molecules:{{c1::Chemicals that alter hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous biophase Solvents a…
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicity not initiated by reactionw ith target molecules:Chemicals that alter {{c1::hydrogen ion concentration}} in the aqueous biophase {{c1::So…
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicity not initiated by reactionw ith target molecules:Chemicals that alter hydrogen ion concentration in the {{c1::aqueous biophase }}Solvents…
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicant-induced cellular dysregulation:{{c1::Dysregulation of gene expressionDysregulation of ongoing cellular activity}}
Published	02/22/2024	The binding of the endocrine disrupting chemical to the endoplasmic reticulum may result in?
Published	02/22/2024	This refers to the dysregulation of transcription
Published	02/22/2024	Dysregulation of ongoing cellular activity include:{{c1::alteration in neurotransmitter levelstoxicant-neurotransmitter receptor interactiontoxicant-s…
Published	02/22/2024	Dysregulation of ongoing cellular activity include:alteration in {{c1::neurotransmitter}} levels{{c1::toxicant-neurotransmitter}} receptor interaction…
Published	02/22/2024	Toxic alteration of cellular maintenance:{{c1::Depletion of ATP Sustained rise of intracellular calcium ion Overproduction of ROS and RNS}}
Published	02/22/2024	Toxic alteration of cellular maintenance:Depletion of {{c1::ATP}} Sustained rise of intracellular {{c1::calcium ion}} Overproduction of {{c1…
Published	02/22/2024	Impairment of oxidative phosphorylation leads to accumulation of {{c1::ADP and depletion of ATP}}
Published	02/22/2024	endocrine disrupting chemicals:{{c1::bisphenol AnonylphenolphthalateDDT}}
Published	02/22/2024	endocrine disrupting chemicals:{{c1::bisphenol A}}{{c2::nonylphenol}}{{c1::phthalate}}{{c2::DDT}}
Published	02/22/2024	Atropine and atropine-like drugs produce inhibitory effect on the {{c1::muscarinic}} receptors {{c1::(M2 and M3)}}
Published	02/22/2024	Atropine-like drugs produce these effects:{{c1::Increased heart rate Decreased bowel soundsDecreased salivation Decreased perspiration}}
Published	02/22/2024	Atropine-like drugs produce these effects:Increased {{c1::heart rate }}{{c1::Decreased}} bowel sounds{{c1::Decreased}} salivation Decreased …
Published	02/22/2024	Benzodiazepine stimulates this receptor
Published	02/22/2024	Benzodiazepine would give what effect?
Published	02/22/2024	Inhibition of hydrogen delivery to the electron transport chain (ETC) is what class?
Published	02/22/2024	Inhibition of electron transporting acting on/asInhibitors of electron transport complexes Electron acceptorsis under what class?
Published	02/22/2024	Inhibition of oxygen delivery to the electron transport chain is under what class?
Published	02/22/2024	Inhibitor of ADP phosphorylation acting on/as is under what class?
Published	02/22/2024	Chemical causing mitochondrial damage and/or impaired transcription of key mitochondrial proteins is under what class?
Published	02/22/2024	Toxicant-sognal transducer interactions:DDT, {{c1::pyrethroids}} act on voltage gated Na+ channel{{c1::Neuronal activation}} Overexcitation …
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.071:top=.3079:width=.2628:height=.128:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5982:top=.5243:width=.1239:height=.106:o…
Published	02/22/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2961:top=.0795:width=.2009:height=.1081:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3187:top=.367:width=.1571:height=.0541…
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