Notes in 02Hemodynamics - Unfinished

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Published	07/30/2024	When you see edema in your patient, what 3 body systems should you think of?{{c1::CVD, Renal, and Hepatic systems}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Protein1. Exudate2. Transudate{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Inflammation1. Exudate2. Transudate{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Increases in hydrostatic pressure are mainly caused by disorders of {{c1::venous return}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reductions in plasma oncotic pressure are mainly caused by disorders of {{c1::the maintenance of albumin levels}}
Published	07/30/2024	Increases in hydrostatic pressure and decreases in vascular colloid osmotic pressure are mainly caused by disorders of {{c1::salt retention}}
Published	07/30/2024	In light microscopy, {{c1::Edema}} is seen as a clearing and separation of the ECM and subtle cell swelling
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subcutaneous}} edema can be diffuse or more conspicuous in regions with high hydrostatic pressures.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dependent}} edema is influenced by gravity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pitting}} edema is when finger pressure over edematous subcutaneous tissue leaves a depression
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Periorbital}} edema is characteristic of {{c2::renal dysfunction or nephrotic syndrome::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperemia manifests as {{c1::erythema}} and is caused by {{c1::arteriolar dilation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Congestion manifests as {{c1::cyanosis}} and is caused by {{c1::reduced venous outflow}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Histological findings in chronic passive congestion:{{c1::ischemic tissue injury and scarring (fibrosis)small hemorrhagic foci (capillary rupture)he…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Representative Histological findings of {{c1::acute pulmonary congestion::disease}}{{c2::Engorged alveolar capillariesAlveolar septal edemaFocal int…
Published	07/30/2024	2 Representative Histological findings of {{c1::chronic pulmonary congestion::disease}}{{c2::fibrotic septaheart failure cells (macrophages laden with…
Published	07/30/2024	2 Representative Histological findings of {{c1::acute hepatic congestion::disease}}{{c2::ischemic necrosis of the centrilobular hepatocytessteatosis o…
Published	07/30/2024	2 Representative Histological findings of {{c1::chronic hepatic congestion::disease}}{{c2::centrilobular congestion and hemorrhage with red-brown colo…
Published	07/30/2024	Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lungs due to chronic pulmonary congestion are called {{c1::heart failure cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Arterolar vasoconstriction}} occurs immediately after vascular injury
Published	07/30/2024	Exposure of {{c1::Willebrand factor (vWF) and collagen::2}} from disruption of the endothelium starts primary hemostasis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Primary}} hemostasis is the creation of the patelet plug
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary}} hemostasis is the deposition of fibrin
Published	07/30/2024	2 Granules of platelets and their contents:{{c1::α-Granules: P-selectin, coagulation factors, fibronectin, PDGF, TGF-βDense/δ Granules: ADP, ATP, Ca, …
Published	07/30/2024	Platelet adhesion can be mediated by {{c1::glycoprotein Ib (GpIb)::platelet surface receptor}} and vWF on the endothelium
Published	07/30/2024	Platelet adhesion can be mediated by {{c1::glycoprotein Ia/IIa (GpIa/IIa)::platelet surface receptor}} and collagen on the endothelium
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bernard-Soulier syndrome}} is a bleeding disorder from a genetic deficiency of {{c2::GpIb}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Changes of platelets after adhesion and activation{{c1::Shape changes to a spiky ballGpIIb/IIIa increases affinity for fibrinogenPhosphatidylserine …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ADP::platelet secretion}} induces platelet recruitment
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thromboxane A2::platelet secretion}} induces platelet aggregation
Published	07/30/2024	Platelet aggregation can be mediated by {{c1::glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa)::platelet surface receptor}} and fibrinogen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glanzmann thrombasthenia}} is a bleeding disorder from a genetic deficiency of {{c2::GpIIb/IIIa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Take a good long look at all of these my dudes. MEMORIZE THE {{c1::SHIT}} OUT OF THEM
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::prothrombin time (PT)}} assay assesses the function of the proteins in the extrinsic pathway
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::partial thromboplastin time (PTT)}} assay assesses the function of the proteins in the intrinsic pathway
Published	07/30/2024	In vivo, factor {{c1::VIIa/tissue factor complex}} is the most important activator of factor IX and that factor {{c2::IXa/factor VIIIa complex}} is th…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thrombin}} converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Published	07/30/2024	Thrombin activates factors {{c1::V, VIII, XI, and XIII}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thrombin activates platelets through {{c1::PAR-1::platelet receptor}}
Published	07/30/2024	The main fibrinolytic factor is {{c1::plasmin}} which is usually activated by {{c2::t-PA}} and deactivated by {{c2::α2-plasmin inhibitor}}
Published	07/30/2024	A useful clinical marker of thrombosis is the elevation of {{c1::d-dimer}}
Published	07/30/2024	NO, PGI2, ADPase, Protein C, Thrombomodulin, and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor are all found in the {{c1::endothelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a px easily develops petichiae or purpura, think of a defect of {{c1::primary hemostasis}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a px easily develops mucosal bleeding like epistaxis or excessive menorrhagia, think of a defect of {{c1::primary hemostasis}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a px easily develops bleeding into soft tissue like muscles and joints, think of a defect of {{c1::secondary hemostasis}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a px easily develops eccymoses (palpaple purpura) or hematomas, think of a defect of {{c1::small vessels}}
Published	07/30/2024	Virchow's Triad{{c1::1. Endothelial Injury2. Turbulent Blood Flow3. Hypercoagulability of the Blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Inflammation2. Thrombomodulin on endothelial cells{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Read nalang. {{c1::Pretty cool read}}
Published	07/30/2024	Representative Diseases that cause hypercoagulability of the blood:{{c1::Factor V LeidenProthrombin gene mutationHomocysteinemia(and deficiencies of a…
Published	07/30/2024	inherited causes of hypercoagulability must be considered in patients {{c1::younger than 50 years of age who present with thrombosis—even when acquire…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Syndrome}} - a serious, potentially life-threatening disorder that occurs following the administration of…
Published	07/30/2024	The most serious complication of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Syndrome is {{c1::thrombosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS)::disease}} has two features:{{c2::1. Presence of one or more antiphospholipid (aPL) autoantibodies2. Ve…
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) is associated with {{c1::SLE::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) antibodies mostly recognize {{c1::cardiolipin and β2-glycoprotein I}}
Published	07/30/2024	PTT in Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) is {{c1::in::de/in}}creased
Published	07/30/2024	Px with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) result in a false-positive serologic test for syphilis because the antigen in the standard assay…
Published	07/30/2024	How do you differentiate antemortem and postmorten clots?{{c1::lines of Zahn, which are pale platelet and fibrin deposits alternating with darker red …
Published	07/30/2024	Thrombi occurring in heart chambers or in the aortic lumen are designated {{c1::mural}} thrombi
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Occlusion1. Arterial Thrombi2. Venous Thrombosis (Phlebothrombosis){{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sites of Arterial thrombi1. Cerebral arteries2. Coronary arteries3. Femoral Arteries{{c1::2 > 1 > 3}}
Published	07/30/2024	What can you tell if the thrombus is long?{{c1::Phlebothrombosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Red Thrombi are formed in {{c1::veins::arteries/veins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Venous thrombi are {{c1::firm::firm/soft}}
Published	07/30/2024	What can you tell if the thrombi are gelatinous and have a dark-red dependent portion where red cells have settled by gravity and a yellow “chicken fa…
Published	07/30/2024	Most Superficial phlebothrombi occur in the {{c1::saphenous veins of the legs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thrombi on heart valves are called {{c1::vegetations}}, which may be infected or sterile
Published	07/30/2024	Worst complications of superficial phlebothrombi are {{c1::local congestion, swelling, pain, and tenderness}}
Published	07/30/2024	Why are DVTs silent killers?{{c1::Although DVTs may cause local pain and edema due to venous obstruction, these symptoms are often absent due the open…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)}} is widespread thrombosis within the microcirculation that may be of sudden or insidious onset. It…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Embolus}} - Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Saddle}} Embolus - Embolus that straddles the pulmonary artery bifurcation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paradoxical}} Embolus - Venous embolus passes through an interatrial or interventricular defect and gains access to the systemic arterial c…
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from DVTs, Pulmonary emboli are silent killers too. Why?{{c1::Clinically silent because they are small. With time they become organized and are …
Published	07/30/2024	Pulmonary emboli cause hemorrhage and infarction in {{c1::small::small/medium}} arteriolar pulmonary branches
Published	07/30/2024	Multiple pulmonary emboli over time may cause {{c1::pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most systemic emboli (80%) arise from {{c1::intracardiac mural}} thrombi
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fat}} embolism occurs in some 90% of individuals with severe skeletal injuries
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fat}} embolism is characterized by 5 features:{{c2::pulmonary insufficiency (tachypnea),neurologic symptoms (delirium and irritability),anemia, …
Published	07/30/2024	Introduction of {{c1::300 to 500}} mL of air at {{c1::100}} mL/sec into the body may be fatal
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Decrompression sickness}} - Form of gas embolism where px experience sudden decreases in atmopsheric pressure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Caisson disease}} - Chronic form of compression sickness where persistence of gas emboli in the skeletal system leads to multiple foci of i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amniotic fluid embolism}} is the fifth most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide
Published	07/30/2024	Wost complications of amniotic fluid emboli are {{c1::sudden severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and shock, followed by neurologic impairment ranging from heada…
Published	07/30/2024	In light microscopy, {{c1::squamous cells shed from fetal skin, lanugo hair, fat from vernix caseosa, and mucin derived from the fetal respiratory or …
Published	07/30/2024	Most systemic emboli rest in the {{c1::legs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main different of red and white infarcts{{c1::If blood gets to go back or can easily access the infarct, it's a red infarct}}
Published	07/30/2024	Venous occlusions are considered {{c1::red::red/white}} infarcts
Published	07/30/2024	it takes {{c1::4 to 12}} hours for the dead tissue to show microscopic evidence of necrosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Septic}} infarctions - Infected cardiac valve vegetations embolize or when microbes seed necrotic tissue. In these cases the infarct is converte…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiogenic}} shock results from low cardiac output due to myocardial pump failure. This can be due to intrinsic myocardial damage (infarction),…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypovolemic}} shock results from low cardiac output due to low blood volume, such as can occur with massive hemorrhage or fluid loss from severe…
Published	07/30/2024	Septic shock is most frequently triggered by gram({{c1::+}}) bacterial infections, followed by gram ({{c1::-}}) bacteria and fungi.
Published	07/30/2024	3 Stages of ShockInitial nonprogressive stage characterized by {{c1::reflex compensatory mechanisms and maintenance of vital organ perfusion}}Progress…
Published	07/30/2024	The cellular and tissue effects of shock are essentially those of hypoxic injury and are caused by a combination of {{c1::hypoperfusion and microvascu…
Published	07/30/2024	In light microscopy, we see {{c1::adrenal cortical cell lipid depletion}} in the adrenal cortices during shock
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Shock lung}} - Diffuse alveolar damage due to shock
Published	07/30/2024	Likely initiators of inflammation in sepsis are signaling pathways that lie downstream ofToll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize a {{c1::PAMPs, DA…
Published	07/30/2024	Ligation of receptors related to inflammation in sepsis activate the nuclear translocation of transcription factor {{c1::nuclear factor-κB (…
Published	07/30/2024	Why are IV fluid sometimes contraindicated in septic shock?{{c1::One effect of inflammatory cytokines is to loosen endothelial cell tight junctions, m…
Published	07/30/2024	Px with sepsis exhibit {{c1::insulin resistance and hyperglycemia::metabolic abnormality}}
Published	07/30/2024	In light microscopy, {{c1::Cardiac cirrhosis}} is seen where there is central vein-to-central vein’ bridging of fibrous tissue after hemorrhage and ne…
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