Notes in Dementia

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Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Pittsburgh compound B}} is a radioactive agent used to image β-amyloid in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Tauvid}} is a radioactive agent used to image τ protein in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	Amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaved by {{c1::γ}}-secretase or {{c1::β}}-secretase results in the production of toxic Aβ-peptides
Published	10/08/2024	Lipid rafts with {{c1::high}} cholesterol content favor formation of toxic Aβ-peptides
Published	10/08/2024	Misfolded τ proteins can bind to the {{c1::LRP1}} receptor, enter the neuron, and induce misfolding in normal τ proteins
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Multi-infarct}} dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia and is due to repeated small strokes that damage the brain over t…
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Tacrine}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that was discontinued due to its {{c2::hepatotoxic}} effects
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Donepezil}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is metabolized by CYP450
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Galantamine}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	Galantamine can also be used as symptomatic treatment for {{c1::vascular}} and {{c2::Lewy body}} dementia
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Rivastigmine}} is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is not metabolized by CYP P450
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Aducanumab}} is a monoclonal antibody used to treat Alzheimer's disease by binding to {{c2::insoluble}} Aβ fibrils
Published	10/08/2024	Aducanumab requires {{c1::monthly::frequency}} intravenous infusions
Published	10/08/2024	Which Alzheimer's disease drugs are associated with "amyloid-related imaging abnormalities?"{{c1::Aducanumab and Lecanemab::2}}
Published	10/08/2024	Rivastigmine is metabolized by {{c1::cholinesterase}} at CNS sites
Published	10/08/2024	Which drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease has a neuroprotective effect?{{c1::Memantine}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Lecanemab}} is a monoclonal antibody used to treat Alzheimer's disease by binding to {{c2::soluble}} Aβ fibrils
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Brexpiprazole}} is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat the {{c2::agitation}} associated with Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	Can antipsychotics be used to treat dementia-related psychosis in Alzheimer's disease?{{c1::No}}
Published	10/08/2024	What serious adverse effects may be caused by antipsychotics when used to treat Alzheimer's disease?{{c1::Stroke and death (b…
Published	10/08/2024	What is the treatment for frontotemporal dementia?{{c1::Supportive}}
Published	10/08/2024	Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia has a genetic association with ALS via the {{c1::C9orf72}} gene expansion
Published	10/08/2024	MRI imaging of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease will show "{{c1::cortical ribbons}}"
Published	10/08/2024	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presents with {{c1::normal}} CSF
Published	10/08/2024	What is the treatment for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?{{c1::Supportive}}
Published	10/08/2024	Red flags for reversible dementias include:- {{c1::Rapid}} and {{c1::early}}-age onset- Prominent {{c1::cognitive}} fluctuations- High-…
Published	10/08/2024	Dementia causes {{c1::Loss of cognitive function}} affecting daily life
Published	10/08/2024	Dementia can cause impairment in:{{c1::Memory}}{{c1::Language}}{{c1::Executive functions (Reasoning & Problem solving)}}{{c1::Sensory changes}}{{c…
Published	10/08/2024	In the DSM-5, dementia is now called {{c1::major neurocognitive disorder}}
Published	10/08/2024	Dementia {{c1::is not:: is / is not}} a normal part of aging
Published	10/08/2024	Risk factors for dementia includes:{{c6::Age}}{{c5::FHx}}{{c4::Apop E4 genotype}}{{c3::Cardiovascular comobidities}}{{c2::Chronic anticholinergic use}…
Published	10/08/2024	The {{c3::age of onset}} for {{c2::Alzheimer's disease}} has a heritability of around {{c1::40%}}
Published	10/08/2024	The most frequent type of dementia is {{c1::Alzheimer's disease}}
Published	10/08/2024	There are multiple ways to diagnose Alzheimer's disease{{c2::Clinical diagnosis}} - clinical observation + ruling out other diagnosis{{c1::Definitive …
Published	10/08/2024	When imaging for Alzhiemer's disease, {{c1::structural}} imaging (MRI, CT) is used to visualize {{c2::brain shrikage}} (esp. hippocampus and cort…
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 2 histological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease?{{c1::Neurofibrillary tangles}} derived from Tau protein{{c2::Senile plaques}}&…
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Presenilin 1, Presenilin 2 and APP:: 3}} mutations account for a small number of familial, early-onset Alzhiemer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	The number 1 gene that affects {{c2::late onset}} Alzhiemer's disease is {{c1::E4 allele}} of {{c3::apoE gene}}.
Published	10/08/2024	Many new genes invovled in Alzheimer's disease are related to {{c1::immune system and inflammation:: 2}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Alpha:: 1}} secretase is {{c2::good}}, {{c3::Beta and gamma:: 2}} secretases are {{c4::bad}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Tau}} protein {{c2::stabilizes}} {{c3::microtubules}} for neuronal transport
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Aggregated A-beta}} promotes {{c2::hyperphosphorlyation}} of {{c3::tau}} proteins, resulting in formation of {{c4::neuofibrillary tangles}} and …
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Misfolded}} Tau proteins can spread between neurons through {{c2::LRP1}}, which is a cell surface {{c3::LDL}} receptor
Published	10/08/2024	Two theories to the biochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease:1. {{c1::Cholinergic}} hypothesisLoss of {{c3::Ach}} containing and target neuronsParti…
Published	10/08/2024	The {{c1::chronic hypoperfusion}} hypothesis for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease, postulates that {{c2::amyloid plaque}} formations in the {{c3…
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Vascular}} dementia is the {{c2::second}} most common form of dementia
Published	10/08/2024	Vascular dementia presents {{c1::similarly:: similarly/ not similarly}} to Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::Vascular}} dementia is a result of {{c1::interrupted}} blood flow in the brain
Published	10/08/2024	Patients with vascular dementia usually have a PMHx of {{c1::Heart attacks}}{{c1::HTN}}{{c1::High cholesterol}}{{c1::DM}}{{c1::Atherosclerosis}}{…
Published	10/08/2024	Within {{c1::hours}} of a severe {{c2::traumatic brain injury (TBI)}}, {{c3::beta amyloid}} levels {{c4::increase}} in the brain
Published	10/08/2024	Tacrine is {{c1::hepatotoxic}} and is {{c2::discontinued}} in the treatment for Alzheimer's
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::Donepezil}} helps with {{c1::symptomatic}} management of Alzheimer's disease, but {{c3::does not}} alter long term prognosis
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::Donepezil}} {{c5::is:: is/is not}} metabolized by {{c3::CYP450}} and {{c4::is NOT:: is / is not}} hepatotoxic
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::Galantamine & Rivastigamine:: 2 drugs}} are used to treat {{c1::mild to moderate}} Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Rivastigamine}} {{c2::is not:: is/is not}} metabolized by {{c3::CYP 450}}, it {{c4::is:: is/is not}} metabolized by {{c5::cholinesterase}} at CN…
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Galantamine}} is {{c2::partially}} metabolized by {{c3::CYP450}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Donepezil}} is used to treat {{c2::all stages}} of Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::Memantine}} is used to treat {{c1::moderate to severe}} Alzheimer's disease
Published	10/08/2024	{{c3::Memantine}} is a {{c1::NMDA}} receptor {{c2::antagonist}} & has {{c4::neuroprotective}} properties - {{c5::slows}} disease progression
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Aducanumab}} is a {{c2::recombinant human mAB}} and binds ONLY to {{c3::aggregated}} forms of {{c4::Amyloid beta}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Aducanumab}} requires IV infusion ONCE per {{c2::month}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Aducanumab::biologics}} used for Alzheimer's disease can cause {{c3::amyloid}} related {{c2::imaging}} side effects
Published	10/08/2024	Preventative measures for Alzheimer's disease includes good {{c1::sleep, diet and exercise:: 3}}
Published	10/08/2024	{{c2::First line treatment}} for behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease is {{c1::non-pharmalogic}}
Published	10/08/2024	Non-pharmalogical treatments for Alzheimer's disease includes:1. {{c1:: Avoiding triggers}}{{c1::Changes to familiar environments}}{{c1::Mispercieved …
Published	10/08/2024	Pharmacological way to treat Alzheimer's disease includes:1. {{c1::Brexpripazole}} for {{c2::agitation}}2. {{c1::Suvorexant}} for {{c2::insomnia}}3. {…
Published	10/08/2024	{{c1::Sleep inducing}} medications are {{c2::risky}} in patients with {{c3::cognitive imparment}}
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