Notes in Insulin and hypoglycemics

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Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Sulfonylureas}} and {{c1::meglitinides}} increase insulin release in beta cells of the pancreas by {{c2::closing ATP-sensitive K+ chan…
Published	09/29/2023	In addition to effects similar to meglitinides, {{c1::sulfonylureas}} have extrapancreatic effects: {{c2::↓ hepatic (liver) gluconeogenesis}}&nbs…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Sulfonylureas}} and {{c1::meglitinides}} are used to treat high blood glucose levels in {{c2::type 2::type}} diabetes mellitus.
Published	09/29/2023	At ↑ glucose levels, glucose passively diffuses into {{c1::beta-islet cells of the pancreas}} through the {{c2::GLUT2 transmembrane transpor…
Published	09/29/2023	After diffusion through a GLUT2 transporter, glucose produces {{c1::ATP}} in the beta-islet cell.In the presence of {{c1::ATP}}, {{c1::ATP-s…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::GLP-1 agonist}} and {{c1::DPP-4 inhibitor}} effects are {{c2::glucose dependent}}, which {{c3::lowers}} hypoglycemia risk compare…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::GLP-1 receptor agonists}} are also called {{c2::incretins}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::GLP-1 agonists (incretins)}} and {{c1::DPP-4 inhibitors}} both work by increasing {{c2::GLP-1 receptor activity}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::DPP-4}} degrades GLP-1. {{c1::DPP-4 inhibitors}} prevent this degradation to increase GLP-1 effects.
Published	09/29/2023	Increased GLP-1 effects by {{c1::GLP-1 agonists}} and {{c1::DPP-4 inhibitors}} leads to {{c2::increased glucose-dependent insulin secretion …
Published	09/29/2023	Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by:- Translocating {{c1::GLUT4 transporters}} to {{c2::muscle and adipose::cell type}} cell membranes…
Published	09/29/2023	Insulin regulates proteins by:- Stimulating {{c1::protein synthesis}} and {{c1::amino acid uptake}} in {{c2::muscles}}.- Inhibiting {{c3::proteol…
Published	09/29/2023	Insulin regulates fat by:- Stimulating {{c1::lipogenesis (fatty acid and triglyceride production}}.- Inhibiting {{c2::lipolysis}}.- Overall,…
Published	09/29/2023	Insulin {{c1::decreases}} K+ levels in the blood by {{c1::activating}} {{c2::Na+/K+ ATPase pumps}} and stimulating K+ {{c1::i…
Published	09/29/2023	Insulin is given {{c1::parenterally::route of administration}} because it {{c2::won't survive the gastric environment}} and {{c3::is no…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Rapid acting insulin}} is most similar to endogenous insulin.
Published	09/29/2023	Long acting insulin {{c1::does not::does/doesn't}} have a peak effect.
Published	09/29/2023	Long acting insulin is slowly released by:- Forming {{c1::microcrystals at the site of injection}}.or - Having a side chain that {{c2::…
Published	09/29/2023	Intermediate acting insulin works by {{c1::an addition of protamine and zinc}} to be {{c2::less soluble in blood}}.
Published	09/29/2023	Short acting insulin works through {{c1::a hexamer structure}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Octreotide}} is a somatostatin analog that {{c2::counteracts}} the effects of excess sulfonylurea.{{c1::Octreotide}} {{c2::blocks calcium influx…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Diazoxide}} (brand name {{c1::Proglycem}}) treats hypoglycemia by {{c2::opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels}} in the beta…
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::C-peptide levels}} in blood are used to estimate {{c2::endogenous insulin}}.
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Portal circulation}} is used by insulin and glucagon.{{c1::Portal circulation}} starts as {{c2::capillaries in pancreas or GI tract}}, and ends …
Published	09/29/2023	{{c1::Endogenous}} insulin reaches the liver before the heart.{{c1::Injected}} insulin reaches the heart before the liver.
Published	09/29/2023	The pancreas releases insulin to the {{c1::systemic::systemic/pulmonary}} {{c1::venous::arterial/venous}} circulation.
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