Notes in 22 Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Surgery

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	12/13/2023	Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) diverts venous blood away from the heart usually via cannulas placed in the {{c1::right atrium}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a variable increase in stress hormones leading to {{c1::systemic inflammation}}…
Published	12/13/2023	Cardiopulmonary bypass provides non-physiologic conditions because MAP is usually {{c1::de}}creased and the blood flow is {{c1::non-pul…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Systemic hypothermia}} is used to reduce organ damage in CPB.
Published	12/13/2023	What component of the CPB machine regulates the patient's temperature?{{c1::Heat exchanger}}
Published	12/13/2023	Prior to use, a CPB circuit must be primed with fluid which is typically {{c1::1200}}-{{c1::1800}} mL for adults that is devoid of bubbles.
Published	12/13/2023	When using a crystalloid priming solution for cardiopulmonary bypass, the hematocrit will decrease due to {{c1::hemodilution}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of CPB pumps carry a risk for air embolism?{{c1::Roller pumps}}
Published	12/13/2023	Some CPB machines use {{c1::roller}} pumps to produce flow by compressing large-bore tubing.
Published	12/13/2023	Some CPB machines use {{c1::centrifugal}} pumps that produce flow by a series of spinning cones.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of CPB pumps are sensitive to increased afterload?{{c1::Centrifugal}}
Published	12/13/2023	Pulsatile blood flow can only be achieved in CPB by using {{c1::roller}} pumps.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::potassium}}-rich crystalloid is used as a cardioplegia solution to arrest the heart in {{c2::diastole}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Cardiopulmonary bypass alters pharmacokinetics by {{c1::increasing}} the volume of distribution.
Published	12/13/2023	The activated clotting time (ACT) is a measurement of {{c1::heparin anticoagulation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::short-axis}} view at the level of the {{c1::midpapillary}} muscle is the best TEE view for diagnosing myocardial ischemia.
Published	12/13/2023	On EEG, {{c1::hypo}}thermia is associated with slowing, burst suppression, and an isoelectric recording.
Published	12/13/2023	Whehn heparinizing a patient for cardiopulmonary bypass, the goal ACT is > {{c1::400}} seconds.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Antithrombin III}} is a serine protease that irreversibly binds and inactivates thrombin.
Published	12/13/2023	What blood product can be used in the setting of suspected antithrombin III deficiency?{{c1::FFP}}
Published	12/13/2023	For cardiopulmonary bypass, patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can be anticoagulated with {{c1::bivalirudin}} or {{…
Published	12/13/2023	The primary risk associated with inflow cannula placement for CPB is {{c1::aortic dissection}}.
Published	12/13/2023	ABGs during hypothermic CPB can be temperature corrected (aka {{c1::pH stat}}) or uncorrected (aka {{c1::α-stat}}).
Published	12/13/2023	For ABGs during hypothermic CPB, {{c1::α-stat (temperature uncorrected)}} management is the preferred modality in adults.
Published	12/13/2023	The balloon pump (IABP) should {{c2::inflate}} during {{c1::diastole}} to increase {{c3::coronary perfusion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The balloon pump (IABP) should {{c2::deflate}} during {{c1::systole}} to decrease {{c3::afterload}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Protamine is a highly {{c1::postively}} charged protein
Published	12/13/2023	When reversing heparin, protamine is given in a dose of {{c1::1 mg}} per 100 U of heparin.
Published	12/13/2023	Protamine should be administered slowly to prevent {{c1::hypotension}} from {{c2::histamine}} release.
Published	12/13/2023	Protamine overdose is characterized by a {{c1::prolonged ACT}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypofibrinogenemia (< {{c2::100}} mg/dL) in the presence of microvascular bleeding should be treated with {{c1::cryoprecipitate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What drugs is used to open the ductus arteriosus?{{c1::Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does hypoxia affect the pulmonary vascular resistance?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with heart failure who do not qualify for transplantation are treated with {{c1::left-ventricular assist devices}} as destination therapy.&nb…
Published	12/13/2023	LVADs pump blood from the ventricles to the aorta via {{c1::nonpulsatile}} flow.
Published	12/13/2023	LVADs are highly {{c1::volume}} dependent.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Cardiac tamponade}} occurs when increased {{c2::pericardial}} pressure impairs the {{c3::diastolic}} filling of the heart.
Published	12/13/2023	Slow accumulation of pericardial fluid {{c1::does not::does/does not}} increase the pericardial pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	The three cardinal signs of acute {{c2::cardiac tamponade}} are described in Beck's triad: 1. {{c3::hypotension / narrow pulse pressure…
Published	12/13/2023	Constrictive pericarditis impairs {{c1::diastolic filling}} of the heart, which can manifest as jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, and ascites.&…
Published	12/13/2023	What valvular defects are associated with Ehler-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome?{{c1::Chronic aortic regurgitation}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of coarctation of the aorta is seen in adults?{{c1::Postductal coarctation}}
Published	12/13/2023	In surgeries of the descending thoracic aorta, {{c1::one-lung ventilation}} anesthesia techniques can facilitate surgical exposure.
Published	12/13/2023	Release of the aortic cross-clamp can be followed by severe {{c1::hypotension}} due to {{c2::acidic}} metabolites.
Published	12/13/2023	Manipulation of the carotid baroreceptors during an endarterectomy can cause {{c1::severe bradycardia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypoventilation can cause {{c1::intracerebral steal}}, worsening ischemia in some parts of the brain.
Published	12/13/2023	Surgical denervation of the carotid baroreceptor (e.g. carotid endarterectomy) most commonly causes postoperative {{c1::hypertension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Denervation of the carotid bodies (e.g. carotid endartectomy) blunts the ventilatory response to {{c1::hypoxemia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::carotid stump}} pressure monitors the {{c1::cerebral perfusion}} pressure on the operative side.
Published	12/13/2023	Protamine can cause {{c1::pulmonary hypertension}} due to release of TxA2 and serotonin.
Published	12/13/2023	Cardiopulmonary bypass alters pharmacokinetics by {{c1::decreasing}} protein binding.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Increased}} CO2 will increase the pulmonary vascular resistance.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of CPB pumps are NOT sensitive to increased afterload?{{c1::Roller}}
Published	12/13/2023	What component of the CPB machine allows for gas exchange?{{c1::Oxygenator}}
Published	12/13/2023	What strategy can be used to reduce the risk of aortic dissection from inflow cannula placement (for CPB)?{{c1::SBP 90-100 mmHg}}
Published	12/13/2023	Antegrade cardioplegia is achieved by infusing cardioplegic solution into the {{c1::coronary arteries}} via the aortic root.
Published	12/13/2023	Antegrade cardioplegia is contraindicated in patients with {{c1::aortic regurgitation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Retrograde cardioplegia is administered by a cannula in the {{c1::coronary sinus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	For ABGs during hypothermic CPB, {{c1::pH-stat (temperature corrected)}} management is the preferred modality in pediatrics.
Published	12/13/2023	α-stat management keeps an {{c1::intracellular electroneutrality}} across all temperatures.
Published	12/13/2023	pH-stat management keeps a {{c1::constant pH}} across all temperatures.
Published	12/13/2023	A carotid stump pressure < {{c1::50}} mmHg places a patient at risk for cerebral hypoperfusion.
Published	12/13/2023	If the carotid stump pressure is < 50 mmHg, a {{c1::shunt}} is placed to increase cerebral perfusion.
Published	12/13/2023	Placement of a shunt in a carotid endarterectomy increases the risk for {{c1::embolic stroke}}.
Status	Last Update	Fields