Notes in Case 1: Breast Cancer

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/30/2024	'Triple-Negative' breast cancer is negative for ER, PR, and HER2/neu and has a(n) {{c1::poor}} prognosis
Published	09/01/2023	{{c1::BRCA1/2}} mutation is associated with faulty {{c2::homologous repair and chromosome instability}}, facilitating additional mutation and for…
Published	08/31/2023	Breast cancer 2 (BRCA2)- mediated familial breast cancer follows a(n) {{c1::autosomal dominant}} inheritance pattern
Published	08/31/2023	Types of single strand DNA damage repair processes: {{c1::mismatch repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair::3}}
Published	08/31/2023	In most cases of mismatch during DNA replication, DNA polymerase {{c1::acts as exonuclease, replaces with correct base (“proofreading”)::does wha…
Published	09/01/2023	DNA mismatch repair:{{c1::MSH proteins recruit endonuclease}}{{c2::Exonuclease removes section}}{{c3::DNA polymerase returns correct bases}}{{c4::Ends…
Published	08/31/2023	Base excision repair:{{c1::Glycosylases remove damaged base and leave AP site}}{{c2::AP endonuclease cuts backbone of AP site}} {{c3::exonuclease remo…
Published	08/31/2023	Nucleotide excision repair:{{c1::Endonuclease cut on 3’ and 5’ sides, 12-24 nts.}}{{c2::Exonuclease removes damaged segment}}{{c3::DNA polymerase repl…
Published	08/31/2023	Double stranded DNA breaks are often caused by {{c1::ionizing radiation causing breaks in the phosphate backbone}}
Published	08/31/2023	Double stranded breaks can be repaired by {{c1:: non-homologous end joining or homologous end joining}}
Published	08/31/2023	Non-homologous end joining:{{c1::DNA protein kinase binds to each end of the broken DNA}}{{c2::artemis cuts off rough ends}}{{c3::ends are rejoined wi…
Published	09/03/2023	Homologous end joining:{{c1::MRN protein complex binds to each end and removes affected nucleotides}}{{c2::DNA polymerase copies genetic info from sis…
Published	08/31/2023	TNM grading:T{{c1::(umor): TX (cannot be evaluated), T0 (no evidence), Tis (carcinoma in situ), T1-4 (size/extent of tumor)}}N{{c1::(lymph nodes): Nx …
Published	09/06/2023	A {{c1::higher::higher/lower}} pre-test probability with a reliable test and a positive result will amplify the post-test probability (weight) of that…
Published	09/01/2023	Hydrophobic steroids, such as {{c1::estrogen and progesterone}}, {{c2::diffuse across::bind to/diffuse across}} the plasma membrane to activate recept…
Published	09/06/2023	Hydrophobic steroids (e.g. estrogen, progesterone) effect on cells:{{c1::Diffuse across plasma membrane}}{{c2::Bind to cytosolic receptors}}{{c3::Rece…
Published	09/03/2023	HER2 effect on cells:{{c1::Ligand binds, causing RTK to dimerize and cross-phosphorylate each other.}}{{c2:: Receptors activate intercellular factors,…
Published	08/31/2023	What is the mechanism of action of trastuzumab?{{c1::Monoclonal antibody, binds to HER2 receptor and prevents receptor dimerization and activation; th…
Published	08/31/2023	Why is trastuzumab treatment now supplemented with pertuzumab?{{c1:: to prevent acquired resistance to tratuzumab alone.}}
Published	09/03/2023	Incidence is the {{c1::frequency of new instances of disease/outcome in a population at risk for the disease/outcome during a given time period}}
Published	08/31/2023	Prevalence is the {{c1::number of cases present in the population at a given time}}
Published	08/31/2023	Hematoxylin is a {{c1::basic::basic/acidic}} dyeStains {{c2::basophilic structures purple/blue::structure, color}}E.g. {{c2::Nuclei, ribosomes, ER, ca…
Published	09/06/2023	Eosin is a {{c1::acidic::basic/acidic}} dyeStains {{c2::cytoplasm, ECM, collagen red/pink::structure, color}}E.g. {{c2::Collagen, cytoplasmic proteins…
Published	09/01/2023	1475f8a4c0644337a58dc162f60fb73f-ao-1
Status	Last Update	Fields