Notes in 08SmoothMuscle

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Published	07/30/2024	Smooth muscle contraction is either{{c1::1. Rhythmic2. Tonic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rudimentary T-Tubules in {{c2::smooth}} muscle fibers are called {{c1::caveolae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main source of Ca++ of smooth muscle{{c1::Extracellular fluid (ECF)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Instead of Z disks, smooth muscle tissue has {{c1::dense bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dense bodies are attached with each other by{{c1::intermediate filaments}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate filaments, attaching {{c2::dense bodies}} in smooth muscles, consist of (2):{{c1::1. Desmin2. Vimentin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Smooth}} muscle has a greater ratio of Actin:Myosin (i.e. more actin relative to myosin) as compared to skeletal muscles
Published	07/30/2024	T/FSmooth muscle actin filaments have troponin{{c1::F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neural signalling of smooth muscles (2):{{c1::1. Extrinsic - SANS, PANS2. Intrinsic - EANS (GI tract)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Non-neural signalling of smooth muscles include: {{c1::endocrine and paracrine}} signaling, {{c2::pacemaker cells}}, {{c3::pharmacomechanical coupling…
Published	07/30/2024	Two types of smooth muscle according to no. of units{{c1::1. Single-unit (Unitary)2. Multi-unit}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Gap junctions}} allow rapid communication betweem smooth muscle fibers in {{c1::single}}-unit smooth muscles
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle fibers of {{c1::single}}-unit smooth muscle unit contract as one
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle fibers of {{c1::mutli}}-unit smooth muscle unit contract separately
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Single}}-unit smooth muscle are primarly controlled by {{c1::intrinsic control}} and {{c1::pacemaker cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Multi}}-unit smooth muscle are primarly controlled by {{c1::extrinsic control}} and {{c1::hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Smooth muscle contraction is {{c1::thick}} filament regulated
Published	07/30/2024	contraction velocity in smooth muscles could either be:{{c1::1. Rapid velocity2. Slow velocity}}
Published	07/30/2024	6 steps in one cross bridge cycle in slow velocity smooth muscle contraction{{c1::1. Engagement2 Dephosphorylation3. Power stroke4. Disengagement5. Re…
Published	07/30/2024	Influx of Ca++ (therefore, contraction) in smooth muscles is triggered by (2):{{c1::1. Action potential (not always needed)2. Hormones/substances…
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. ICF Ca++2. Active MLCK{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	What dephosphorylates cross-bridges in smooth muscles?{{c1::Myosin light chain phosphatase}}
Published	07/30/2024	What phosphorylates cross-bridges in smooth muscles?{{c1::Myolin light chain kinase}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. ICF Ca++2. Velocity of cross bridge cycling{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Activated MLCK2. Velocity of cross bridge cycling{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Rapid}} velocity contraction of smooth muscle occurs when there is {{c1::higher}} levels of {{c2::intracellular Ca++}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Latch mechanism}} occurs when about 50% of cross-bridges are sustained without using ATP
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::myogenic response}} is a reflex response of the afferent arterioles to changes in {{c2::blood pressure}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship where:Action potential leads to twitch and frequency summation{{c1::Type A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship in:single-unit smooth muscle (viscera){{c1::Type A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship where:Na-K ATPase activity causes periodic oscillations of membrane potential with bursts of …
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship in:intestinal contraction during fed state{{c1::Type B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship where:Membrane potential fluctates without action potential (just graded), thus produces {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship in:intenstinal contraction between meals{{c1::Type C}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of membrane potential-force generation relationship in:multi-unit smooth muscles (vascular){{c1::Type C}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::single}}-unit smooth muscle more likely manifests {{c2::rhythmic}} contractions
Published	07/30/2024	How many ATPs is/are needed to maintain tonic contraction (slow velocity cross bridge cycling){{c1::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Myosin light chain phosphorylation2. Contraction velocity{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ca++ sensor in smooth muscles{{c1::Calmodulin}}
Published	07/30/2024	What terminates the contraction the smooth muscles{{c1::myosin light chain phosphatase}}
Published	07/30/2024	What regulates the contraction force in smooth muscle{{c1::Myoplasmic calcium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary mean of metabolism in smooth muscles{{c1::oxidative phosphorylation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Electrical activity of smooth muscle (3){{c1::1. Spike action potential2. Plateau action potential3. Graded membrane potential}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sarcolemmal Ca++ influxers{{c1::1. Voltage gated Ca++ channels2. Ligand gated Ca++ channels }}
Published	07/30/2024	Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca++ influxers{{c1::1. IP3 induced RYR}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca++ effluxers{{c1::1. Ca++ ATPase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sarcolemmal Ca++ effluxers{{c1::1. Ca++ ATPase2. Na+-Ca++ exchanger}}
Published	07/30/2024	Myosin light chain phosphatase is an enzyme in smooth muscle cells that {{c1::dephosphorylates::action}} the light chains of myosin.
Published	07/30/2024	Myosin light chain phosphatase is activated by {{c1::cGMP}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myosin phosphatase::trigger}} terminates contraction of {{c2::smooth::skeletal vs. cardiac vs. smooth}} muscles
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Single}}-unit smooth muscles produces {{c1::gross}} movements
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Multi}}-unit smooth muscles produces {{c1::fine}} movements
Published	07/30/2024	For latch mechanism to occur, {{c1::dephosphorylation}} of the myosin light chain should happen before the {{c2::power stroke}}
Published	07/30/2024	For latch mechanism to occur, {{c1::rephosphorylation}} of the myosin light chain must occur before the {{c2::reattachment/engagement}}
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