Notes in Neurotransmitters Pt 1+2

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Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Ionotropic}} receptors are located on ligand-gated ion channels, providing a rapid effect
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Metabotropic}} receptors activate slower second-messenger systems
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Small molecule}} neurotransmitters bind with both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Peptide}} neurotransmitters only bind with metabotropic receptors
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Small-molecule}} neurotransmitters typically mediate rapid synaptic effects
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Peptide}} neurotransmitters mediate slower and more long-lasting synaptic effects
Published	09/07/2023	Small-molecule neurotransmitters may elicit long-lasting effects when bound to {{c1::metabotropic}} receptors
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Glutamate}} is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Acetylcholine}} is the excitatory neurotransmitter of somatic motor neurons
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Acetylcholine}} is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::GABA}} is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Glycine}} is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Biogenic amines (dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine)}} are neurotransmitters involved in motivation and reward systems
Published	09/07/2023	Dopamine is released from cells located in the {{c1::substantia nigra}} and {{c1::ventral tegmental area}} in the midbrain
Published	09/07/2023	Norepinephrine is derived from cells located in the {{c1::Locus coeruleus}} in the brainstem
Published	09/07/2023	Serotonin is released from cells located in the {{c1::Raphe nuclei}} of the brainstem
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Substance P}} is a neurotransmitter of pain and temperature fibers that synapse in the spinal cord
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Opioids (enkephalins)}} inhibit the release of substance P in spinal cord and can have analgesic effects in the brain
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Hypothalamic releasing hormones}} are neurotransmitters that affect secretory cells in the anterior pituitary
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Posterior pituitary hormones}} are neurotransmitters released directly into the bloodstream from the posterior pituitary
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Unconventional}} neurotransmitters are relatively poorly understood
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::ATP}} is an unconventional neurotransmitter that may be co-released with other small molecule neurotransmitters
Published	09/07/2023	Once in extracellular spaces, ATP is metabolized into {{c1::adenosine}}, which is thought to be an important signal that modulates wakefulness by prom…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Xanthines}} are unconventional purine neurotransmitters that block adenosine receptors
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Endocannabinoids}} are hydrophobic unconventional neurotransmitters that readily diffuse through neuronal membranes and play a role in the plast…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Nitric oxide (NO)}} is a gas that functions as a unconventional neurotransmitter, diffusing freely across neuronal and glial cell membrane…
Published	09/07/2023	Some actions of NO are mediated by the activation of an enzyme {{c1::guanylyl cyclase}}, which when activated produces the second messenger, {{c1::c…
Published	09/07/2023	Nitric oxide is produced from the metabolism of the amino acid {{c1::arginine}}
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Small molecule}} neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic terminal while {{c1::peptide}} neurotransmitters are in synthesized i…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Small-molecule}} neurotransmitters have a much lower threshold for Ca2+ influx in order to be released than {{c1::peptide}} neurotransmitters
Published	09/07/2023	Only {{c1::small-molecule}} neurotransmitters can undergo reuptake into the presynaptic terminal or uptake into astrocytes
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Peptide}} neurotransmitters can be cleaved directly in the synaptic cleft by proteases
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